A2

1

the
ENGLISH-SAXON
GRAMMAR.

Rammar is the Art of Speaking and Writing, truly and properly. Speaking we use certain Signs, which are necessary to discover our Thoughts to one another. These Signs, are Sound, and Voice.

But besides, Sound, and Voice, by which we are able to converse with one another when present; There are other Signs have been invented, where these Sounds cannot be heard, to supply the want of them in such manner, as that we may both converse with one another at a distance, and communicate our Thoughts to future Ages.

The first of these Signs belongs properly to Speech, of unwritten Discourse. The latter are made use of in Writing.

Hence the Greeks, from whom we receiv’d the first Rudiments of this Art, have deliver’d down to us the 2 Names of these Signs in the Word γράμματα, from γράφω*, I write. The Latins in their Litera, from Lino, I mark, or draw a stroke: The Art itself the Greeks exprest by γραμματικὴ, the Latins by Grammatica and Literatura: Nor were our Saxon Ancestors destitute of a proper Term of Art whereby to express it, which we find in the Word Sꞇæꝼcꞃæꝼꞇ.

Voice and Sound, are either Articulate and Intelligible, such as are used by rational Creatures: or Inarticulate and Confused, such as we observe in Brutes or irrational Creatures to express their Inclinations and Desires.

The first of these the Saxons called anꝺᵹıꞇꝼullıc ꞅꞇemn; that is, a Sound, that may be fully and distinctly understood: For instance, Arms and the Man I sing.

The other ᵹemencᵹeꝺ ꞅꞇemn, a mixed, or confused Sound, by which our understanding of any thing is not so clear and distinct. As the lowing of an Ox, the neighing of a Horse, or the barking of a Dog.

* I cannot but bere observe the Similitude between this Word γράφω, and the Saxon aᵹꞃaꝼene, Exod. ch. xx. v. 4. translated by Ælfric: The Text runs thus, Ne ƿẏꞃc þu þe aᵹꞃaꝼene Goꝺaꞅ. Work not thou for thy self Graven Gods. It is very remarkable, that the Saxon Church in that Age, at least the good Archbishop Ælfric, were not for stifling this Passage.

Of Letters.

A Letter in Saxon ꞅꞇæꝼ, is the least part of any Book or Writing, and cannot be divided. A Book or Writing may be divided into Words, S. cƿẏꝺaꞅ, those Words into Parts, S. ꝺælaꞅ, those Parts into Syllables, S. ꞅꞇæꝼ ᵹeꝼeᵹaꞅ, and after­wards Syllables into ꞅꞇaꝼaꞅ Letters. Beyond this there is no farther Division. In 3 each Letter may be consider’d, its Name, S. Nama, its Figure, or Shape, S. hıƿ, the same as our hue, its Power, S. mıhꞇ, i.e. what Power Letters have being join’d together with one another.

The Saxon Language hath three and twenty Letters, which are thus described.

Name.	Figure.		Power.
A	A vowel.	a	A	a
Be	B	b	B	b
Ce	C	c	C	c
De	D	ꝺ	D	d
E	E vowel.	e	E	e
Ef	F	ꝼ	F	f
Ge	G	ᵹ	G	g
Ha	H	h	H	h
I	I vowel.	ı	I	i
Ka	K	k	K	k
El	L	l	L	l
Em	M	m	M	m
En	N	n	N	n
O	O vowel.	o	O	o
Pe	P	p	P	p
Er	R	ꞃ	R	r
Es	S	ꞅ	S	s
Te	Ꞇ	ꞇ	T	t
V	U vowel.	u	V	u
Double u	Ƿ	ƿ	W	w
Ics	X	x	X	x
Y	Ẏ Gr. vowel	ẏ much used in the Saxon.	Y	y
Za	Z	z	Z	z
Æ	Æ	æ	Æ	æ
Th	Ð Þ	þ ð	Th	th
That	Ꝥ	ꝥ	That	that
And		⁊ &		and

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These Letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants.

A Vowel is a Letter that yields a Sound of itself, without having need of any other Letter to be join’d with it.

There are five Vowels, S. clẏpıᵹenꝺlıce, or ꞅẏlꝼ ꞅƿeᵹenꝺe, a, e, ı, o, u. ẏ, is Greek, though very much used in Saxon. It is very natural here to take notice of the Agreement there is between the German, or High-Dutch, and Anglo-Saxon, in their happy expressing the Grammatical Terms by Words of their own. I shall now and then give an Instance both from the modern German, and from the old Francick or Teutonick. What the Saxons called ꞅẏlꝼ ꞅƿeᵹenꝺe, sounding alone, i.e. Vowel, the Germans now write it ‡Selbstlautende.

‡ See Mr. King’s Compleat English Guide for the High-Germans, p. 2.

The Consonants, S. ꞅamoꝺ ꞅƿeᵹenꝺe, Germ. Mitlautende, sounding together, are such Letters, as to render their Sound, must needs be join’d with one of the five Vowels; these are either Semi-Vowels, S. healꝼ clẏpıᵹenꝺe, half Sounding, or Mutes, S. ꝺumbe.

The Semi-Vowels, so called because they have not so full a Sound as the five Vowels, are these seven, ꝼ, l, m, n, ꞃ, ꞅ, x; the first six, eꝼ, el, em, en, eꞃ, eꞅ, begin with the Letter e, and end the Sound in themselves; x, ıcꞅ, alone beginneth with the Vowel ı.

The Mutes, so named because they make but a little Sound, they are these six, b, c, ꝺ, ᵹ, p, ꞇ, these begin of themselves, and end in the Vowel e, as, be, ce, ꝺe, ᵹe, ꝼe, ꞇe; h, and k, and z, end in a, as, ha, ka, za.

A Syllable ꞅꞇæꝼ ᵹeꝼeᵹ, is that which gives a Sound, by a single Letter, or by many Letters join’d together. 5 G Out of Syllables Words are made. Words make up Speech or Discourse.

Words are distributed into several kinds, which are called the Eight Parts of Speech.

Noun, Nama.

Pronoun, Naman ꞅpelıenꝺ; instead of, or supplying the Place of a Noun.

Verb, Ƿoꞃꝺ; which compleats its own Signification, with a full Sense or Meaning.

Participle, Dælnımenꝺ; Part taking, taking part from a Noun, and part from a Verb.

Adverb, Ƿoꞃꝺeꞅ ᵹeꝼeꞃa; that which is join’d with a Verb, but has no meaning consider’d alone.

Conjunction, Geðeoꝺnẏꞅ, or Geꝼeᵹıncᵹ; it signifies nothing of itself, but joins together Nouns or Verbs.

Preposition, Foꞃeꞅeꞇnẏꞅ; Placing before, and it serves either a Noun or Verb, always standing before them.

Interjection, Beꞇƿux aƿoꞃpennẏꞅ; it lies between other Words, and denotes the Commotions of the Mind.

Of these eight kinds of Words, four are varied, by different Terminations or Endings, which is called declining, S. ꝺeclınunᵹe*; the other four, without any Variation, are always found the same.

* This is a Latin Word Saxonized, for which they likewise used ᵹebeᵹunᵹ, or ᵹebẏᵹunᵹ, bowing, or inflexion.

These several kinds of Words, with their peculiar Variations and Circum­stances, shall be consider’d each in its proper place.

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And first of Nouns.

A Noun, S. Nama, is a word by which we name any thing, and by which one thing is distinguish’d from another; and these Names are such as express the several kinds of things, or the Singulars and Individuals of each kind.

The first of these are called Appellatives, or common Names, Gemænelıce*, as a Man, a Horse, a Dog; as Man is the common Name to every human Creature, and Horse to all of that kind, &c.

* Germ. Specie Gemein, as of the word Man, ’tis said, Bekomt allen Menschen insgemein. See Mr. King’s Compleat English Guide for High-Germans.

For the other, namely the Singulars or Individuals, Sẏnꝺeꞃlıce‡; by these Particulars of each kind are distinguished from one another; or else we may say, that this or that general Name is restrain’d, to this or thar particular Thing or Person; as amongst Men, when we say William, or Edward, we distinguish the single Person William, from that single Person Edward. So likewise when we say St. Paul’s, or St. Peter’s Church, we restrain the common Notion of Church to signifie this particular Church that is called St. Paul’s, or that particular Church which is called St. Peter’s. The Words by which such common and general Words and Names are thus limited and restrain’d, the Grammarians call proper Names.

‡ Germ. Sonderlichen Nahmen, ibid.

Nouns may be consider’d either as giving Name or Signification to a thing, without any other relation or regard, or else as they include some necessary Relations and Circum­stances, which cou’d not be understood or signified without joining them to one of the former.

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These Self-significant Names, or independent, are stiled Nouns Substantives, Speꝺıᵹlıce.

The other, which always declare some Quality, Circum­stance, or Relation, are called Nouns Adjectives, Nameꞅ ᵹeꝼeꞃa.

An Instance of the first may be in this Noun Substantive Man, or Church, where nothing more is consider’d, than what is barely understood by the word Man, or Church.

An Instance of the second, viz. a Noun Adjective, is when somewhat is added to the Signification of the Noun Substantive, as when we say of Man, a good or virtuous Man, of the Church, holy Church, Church universal.

Concerning Nouns, these Things farther may be consider’d.

• 1. Case.
• 2. Gender.
• 3. Number.
• 4. Article.

Of the Eight Parts of Speech above-mentioned, it hath been observ’d, that four are subject to variety of Termination or Ending, and are said to be declined; the others are not declined. Of the four first, three, namely, Noun, Pronoun, Participle, are declined with Cases, On ᵹebıᵹum. Verb, is declined by Moods, On ᵹemeꞇum, or, On þæꞃe ꞅpꞃæce ƿıᵹon, S.

The Cases of Nouns are Six.

1. Nominative, i.e. Nemnıᵹenꝺlıc, S.	With this we name every thing, as, this Man lives.
2. Is Genitive, Geꞅꞇꞃınenꝺlıc, S. or, Geaᵹnıenꝺlıc.	By this we signifie the producing or owning any thing, as, this Man’s Son, ðẏꞅeꞅ Manneꞅ Sunu; or this Man’s Horse, ðıꞅeꞅ Manneꞅ Hoꞃꞅ.
8 3. Dative, Foꞃᵹıꝼenꝺlıc.	By this we signifie the giving: or bestowing any thing; I give this Man a Horse, ðıꞅum Mann ıc ꝼoꞃᵹıꝼe Hoꞃꞅ.
4. Accusative, Ƿꞃeᵹenꝺlıc, S.	With this is declared how Men speak concerning any thing, as, this Man I accuse, þıꞅne Mann ıc ƿꞃeᵹe; this Man I love, þıꞅne Mann ıc luꝼıᵹe; this thing I perceive or apprehend, ðıꞅ þıncᵹ ıc ᵹelæhꞇe.
5. Vocative, Clẏpıᵹenꝺlıc oððe Gecẏᵹenꝺlıc.	With this we call upon any Thing, or Person, as, O thou Man speak to me, eala þu Mann ꞅpꞃec ꞇo me.
6. Ablative, Æꞇbꞃeꝺenꝺlıc	By this is declared, what we take or receive from others, or from whence we go, as, from this Man I received Money, ꝼꞃam ðıꞅum Mann ıc unꝺeꞃꝼenᵹ ꝼeoh; I rode from the City, ꝼꞃam ðıeꞅe Bẏꞃıᵹ ıc ꞃaꝺ.

Of Genders.

BY Genders, S. Cẏnn, the Names of things are distinguish’d according to their Sex, whether Masculine, S. Ƿeꞃlıc, that is He, or Feminine, S. Ƿıꝼlıc, that is She; and tho’ every thing is properly comprehended under one or the other of these Genders; yet the Grammarians, for some Reasons that shou’d favour their Art, have invented a Term which expresses neither kind, which is called Neuter, S. Naðoꞃ cẏnꝺ.

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Of Number.

THere be two Numbers, the Singular, Anꝼealꝺ Geꞇel, and the Plural, Mænıᵹꝼealꝺ Geꞇel; sometimes there is a Dual, and this is a Circum­stance both of Nouns and Verbs, as, Ic ꞃæꝺe, I read, ƿe ꞃæꝺað, we read.

Of the Articles.

AS the Greeks and other Nations have had their Articles placed before their Nouns, so the Saxon Tongue hath used hers, both with Skill and Beauty. These are naturally to be consider’d according to their Cases or Endings, before we treat of the Nouns.

	Singular Number.		Plural Number.
Nom.	ꝺe, ὁ ꞅeo ἡ, þaꞇ & þæꞇ, τό.		Ða, οἱ, αἱ, τά.
Gen.	Þæꞅ, þæꞃe, þaꞅ & þæꞅ.		Þæꞃa.
Dat.	Þam, þæꞃe, þam.		Þam.
Acc.	Þone, þa, þaꞇ & þæꞇ.		Þa.
Abl.	Þam, þæꞃe, þam.		Þam.

Se, ꞅeo, ꝥ, are not only placed before Appellatives, or common Names, but also before proper Names, and Individuals, as, ꞅe Man, the Man, ꞅeo Ƿıꝼman, the Woman, ꞅe Iohanneꞅ, John, ꞅeo Æþelꝼleꝺe, Ethelfleda.

The Agreement between the Anglo-Saxon, the old Francick, and the present German, may be seen in Dr. Hickes’s Francick Grammar, Chap. 2. De Articulis, p. 10.

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Of Nouns Substantives.

NOuns Substantives have Six Declensions.

First Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Smið, a Smith.		Smıðaꞅ, Smiths.
Gen.	Smıðeꞅ, of a Smith.		Smıða, of Smiths.
Dat.	Smıðe, to the Smith.		Smıðum, to the Smiths.
Acc.	Smıð, the Smith.		Smıðaꞅ, the Smiths.
Voc.	Eala þu Smıð, O thou Smith.		Eala ᵹe Smıðaꞅ, O ye Smiths.
Abl.	Smıðe, from the Smith.		Smıðum, from the Smiths.

For Smıðaꞅ, the Dano-Saxons writ Smıðeꞅ, in the Nominative Plural.

Second Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Ƿıꞇeᵹa, a Prophet.		Ƿıꞇeᵹan, Prophets.
Gen.	Ƿıꞇeᵹan.		Ƿıꞇeᵹena.
Dat.	Ƿıꞇeᵹan.		Ƿıꞇeᵹum.
Acc.	Ƿıꞇeᵹan.		Ƿıꞇeᵹan.
Voc.	Eala þu Ƿıꞇeᵹa.		Eala ᵹe Ƿıꞇeᵹan.
Abl.	Ƿıꞇeᵹan.		Ƿıꞇeᵹum.

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The Third Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Anꝺᵹıꞇ, Understanding.		Anꝺᵹıꞇu, -ꞇa, -ꞇo
Gen.	Anꝺᵹıꞇeꞅ.		Anꝺᵹıꞇa.
Dat.	Anꝺᵹıꞇe, -ꞇa.		Anꝺᵹıꞇum.
Acc.	Anꝺᵹıꞇ.		Anꝺᵹıꞇu.
Voc.	Eala þu Anꝺᵹıꞇ.		Eala ᵹe Anꝺᵹıꞇu.
Abl.	Anꝺᵹıꞇe.		Anꝺᵹıꞇum.

The Fourth Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Ƿoꞃꝺ, a Word.		Ƿoꞃꝺ, -ꝺe, -ꝺa.
Gen.	Ƿoꞃꝺeꞅ.		Ƿoꞃꝺa.
Dat.	Ƿoꞃꝺe.		Ƿoꞃꝺum.
Acc.	Ƿoꞃꝺ.		Ƿoꞃꝺ.
Voc.	Eala þu Ƿoꞃꝺ.		Eala ᵹe Ƿoꞃꝺ.
Abl.	Ƿoꞃꝺe.		Ƿoꞃꝺum.

So Beaꞃn, Cılꝺ, and Ƿıꝼ, make in the Plural Number, Beaꞃn, Cılꝺ, and Ƿıꝼ.

The Fifth Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Ƿıln, a Maiden.		Ƿılna, -ne, -no, -nu.
Gen.	Ƿılne.		Ƿılna.
Dat.	Ƿılne.		Ƿılnum.
Acc.	Ƿıln.		Ƿılna.
Voc.	Eala þu Ƿıln.		Eala ᵹe Ƿılna.
Abl.	Ƿılne.		Ƿılnum.

So Sƿuꞅꞇoꞃ, and Sƿeoꞅꞇoꞃ, a Sister, make in the Plural, Sƿuꞅꞇꞃa, Sƿeoꞅꞇꞃa, Geꞅƿeoꞅꞇꞃa, Sisters.

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The Sixth Declension.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Sunu, a Son.		Suna.
Gen.	Suna.		Suna.
Dat.	Suna, -nu.		Sunum.
Acc.	Suna, -nu.		Suna.
Voc.	Eala þu Sunu.		Eala ᵹe Suna.
Abl.	Sunu.		Sunum.

Mr. Thwaites adds a Seventh.

	Singular.		Plural.
Nom.	Fꞃeo, -eoh, a Free Man.		Fꞃeoꞅ.
Gen.	Fꞃeoꞅ		Fꞃea.
Dat.	Fꞃeo.		Fꞃeum.
Acc.	Fꞃeo, -eoh.		Fꞃeoꞅ.
Voc.	Eala þu Fꞃeoh		Eala ᵹe Fꞃeoꞅ.
Abl.	Fꞃeo.		Fꞃeum.

The whole Variety of declining Noun Substantives, may be reduced to these seven Rules of Declension, except these few following which are not so regular; as, Fæꝺeꞃ, Father, seldom alters in the Singular Number, but in the Plural it follows the Rule of the first Declension. Indeed the Dano-Saxons have it Fæꝺoꞃeꞅ, in the Genitive Singular. Geꞅcẏ, Shoes; Moꝺoꞃ, -eꞃ, Mother; Bꞃoþoꞃ, -eꞃ, Brother, are not declined; unless that Bꞃoþoꞃ, in the Plural Number, may be referr’d to the third Declension. But Boc, a Book, Bec, Books; Foꞇ, a Foot, Feꞇ, Feet; Man, a Man, Men, Men; Luꞅ, a Louse, Lẏꞅ, Lice; Muꞅ, a Mouse, Mẏꞅ, Mice; Cu, a Cow, Cẏ, Cows; Toþ, a Tooth, 13 H Ꞇeþ, Teeth, (sometimes ‘tis read Ꞇoþaꞅ;) Goꞅ, a Goose, Geꞅ, Geese: With the Number change the Vowel; Cealꝼ, a Calf, and Æᵹ, an Egg, make in the Plural Æᵹꞃu, Eggs, Cealꝼꞃu, Calves.

Nouns Substantives are either Simple or Compound; Hıƿe, a Family, Geꝺale, Division, Hıƿe-ᵹeꝺale, the Separation of a Family. There is a great Variety of Compound Nouns, a very copious Instance of which we have in this Description of Noah’s Ark by Cædmon, Meꞃe-huꞅ, a Sea House, Ƿuꝺu-ꝼæꞅꞇen, a wooden Castle, Meꞃe-cıeꞅꞇe, a Sea Chest, Sunꝺ-ꞃeceꝺ, a swimming Hall, Ƿæᵹ-boꞃꝺ, a floating Tabernacle, Ƿæᵹ-þele, a floating Chamber, Sꞇꞃeam-ƿealle, a Wall against the Stream, Hꞃoꝼ-ᵹeꝼoꞃ, a moveable Covering, or Roof. From which Instances, and an almost innumerable Company of others, that might be added, some of which will be occasionally disperst here and there in this Treatise; it appears that the Charge against all the Northern Languages, which is made by some, of their being made up of nothing else but of harsh Consonants and Mono­syllables, without any beautiful Composition of Words, is very unjust, and is urged by those who speak of them in this sort, as by Men who talk at random, and who are altogether ignorant of the Matter. The Terminations of Substantives are very numerous, it may not however be amiss here to note some of the most common.

Some end in ꝺom or ꝺom, which denotes Power, or Office, or some Quality or Condition of Life, either with Authority or Jurisdiction, or without it; as, Cẏneꝺome, the Power and Authority of a King, as also the Place in which he exercifes that Power; in English Kingdom.

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Bıꞅceopꝺom, the Power and Office of a Bishop, Bishopdom.

Ƿıꞅꝺom, Prudence, Wisdom.

Fꞃeoꝺom, a State of Liberty, Freedom; of the same kind are these still retain’d in common use.

Popepom, Dukedom, Christendom, Thraldom, &c. Agreeable to this Termination in ꝺom, is the Francick duom and tuom, as from Rih, a King, Rihtuom, a Kingdom, from Her, a Lord, Hertuom, Dominion or Lordship, Wisduom, Wisdom, Jungarduom, the Stare or Relation of a Youth towards his Tutor.

Others end in ꞃıc, or ꞃıce, which signifies Power or Office; as,

Cẏnꞃıc, Kingdom.

Bıꞅceopꞃıce, Bishoprick, which word we still retain in the Bishoprick of Durham.

Not a few end in haꝺ, or haꝺe, as Pꞃeoꞅꞇhaꝺe, the Condition or Office of a Priest, &c.

Munuchaꝺe, the State of a Monk. Hence is deduced our Termination head, as Godhead, Manhed, which we meet with in Gawen Douglas Pref. to Virg. p. 9. l. 4.

Hence also our hood, as from Cılꝺ-haꝺ, Child-hood, Cnıhꞇ-haꝺe, Knight-hood. To this a Resemblance is born by the Francick heyd and hed, as Christan-heyd, Christianity, Heyder-hed, Brightness, Heusc-heyd, Civility. So Brotherhood, Neighbourhood.

And to this Class probably may be refer’d the Notation of the words Alodium and Feudum, so much controverted amongst Lawyers. Alodium, i.e. Allhaꝺe, or Allhoꝺe, signifying the free and perpetual Inheritance and Possession of an Estate, without any Service and Incumbrance. Feodum, or Feudum, Feohaꝺe, an Estate held under the Dominion of some superior Lord for a limited time, on Performance of certain Services and Conditions, as 15 H2 Mr. Somner conjectures: But Dr. Hickes seems better to derive the word from the Scano-Gothic lod, or lwd. See his Francick Grammar, p. 90.

Some Substantives end in ꞅcẏꞃ and ꞅcẏꞃe, which denotes Præfecture, Care, Office, Business and Employment; as Geꝼeꞃꞅcẏꞃ, Fellowship, Ꞇunꞅcẏꞃe, the Office or Employment of a Steward. The Footsteps of this Termination, are perhaps to be found in the word Englishery, Englischeria, a word well known in Bracton and Fleta, signifying the Birth-right or Condition of an Englishman. Nor is it altogether improbable by an easy Transposition of this Termination ꞅcẏꞃe, to derive the ending of several of our Words in RY, as, Yeomanry, Husbandry, Houswifry, Cookery, &c.

Others in ꞅcẏp and ꞅcẏpe, as, Geꝼeꞃꞅcẏp, Fellowship, Þeᵹenꞅcẏpe, Thainship, the Office and Dignity of a Thain, Ƿeoꞃðꞅcẏpe, Worship; thus Courtship, Lordship, Wardship, Workmanship, &c. With this we may compare the Francick skepe, skepi and skip, as, Landskepe, a Country, or Landskip, Gibodskip, a Commanding.

There are many Substantives that end in a, as Cempa, a Soldier, Geꞃeꝼa, an Earle, what we call our High Sheriff or Shrieve, Nama, Name: Many of these are made English by leaving out the a or changing it into e, as, Kemp or Kempe; Ox or Name. The same is observable in Words ending in a short derived from the Latin, both in English and French, as Muse, from Musa, secret, from secreta.

To encrease the Variety of Terminations, there are several Substantives that end in ꞃeꝺen, ꞃæꝺen, ꞃeꝺenne, ꞃæꝺenne, which signifies Law, or Counsel: So that words of this Composition do generally import somewhat of Regularity and Government, as, Geꝼeꞃꞃeꝺenne, 16 that Law or Rule by which any Society or Corporation is govern’d, Hıƿꞃeꝺenne, the Rule for managing a Family, Mæᵹꞃeꝺenne, the Rule of Alliance amongst Kindred, Ꞇeonꝺꞃeꝺenne, that Counsel by which we accuse, or go to Law with any one, Gecƿıꝺꞃeꝺenne, the Advice er Method made use of for making a Will or any Covenant.

Others end in elꝺe, as, Fæꞃelꝺe, a Journey.

elꞅ, Ræcelꞅ, Frankincense, Ræꝺelꞅ, a Riddle.

Some in ꞅceaꝼꞇ, as, Hẏᵹeꞅceaꝼꞇ, the Soul; this agrees with the Francick Hugiscefti, Thought, Geuuitschaf, a Testimony, Heidenskapht, Heathenism.

Some in cꞃæꝼꞇ, as, Ƿıᵹcꞃæꝼꞇ, Boc-cꞃæꝼꞇ. The old Germans were not unacquainted with this Termination, as may be seen in the word Megincraft and Mancraft. See the learned Dr. Eccard’s Notes upon the Great Hymn, or Te Deum, printed at Helmstad, 1713: Also his Chatechesis Theotisca, p. 148, printed the same year by Nicholas Forster, Bookseller to the Court of Hanover.

Likewise several Feminines end in ẏꞅꞅ, ıꞅꞅ, eꞅꞅ, ẏꞅꞅe, ıꞅꞅe, eꞅꞅe, and in neꞅ, neꞅꞅe, nıꞅ, nıꞅꞅe, (from the Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐍃) as, Cneoꞃıꞅꞅe, Generation, Þꞃıneꞅꞅe, the Trinity. The Francick also acknowledges these Terminations, as, Lutternisse, Clearness or Purity, Gelicnesse, Likeness.

Some in anᵹe, ınᵹe, onᵹe, unᵹe, ẏnᵹe, as, Leaꞅunᵹe, Lying.

Others in þ, or þe (Goth. 𐌸, 𐌸𐌰) as, Mẏꞃð, Mirth, Eoꞃð, Earth, Geꞅıhðe, Sight.

Some in eꞃ, and eꞃe, as, Goꝺꞅpelleꞃ, Evangelist, Fulluhꞇeꞃ, Baptist, Sæꝺeꞃe, a Sower. Words of this Termination are thought to be deriv’d from Ƿeꞃ, Goth. 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂, a Man. The Scots to this Day in Imitatation of the Saxons, use Lawwer, a Lawyer. The 17 Masculines in eꞃ have their Feminines in eꞅꞇꞃe, ıꞅꞇꞃe, or ẏꞅꞇꞃe, as, Sẏnᵹeꞅꞇꞃe, a Songster, Ræꝺẏꞅꞇꞃe, a Female Reader.

Diminutives, and many others end in lınᵹ, as, Cnæplınᵹ, a little Boy, Ræplınᵹ, a Captive. Some in leaꞅꞇ, or leꞅꞇe, as, Gẏmeleaꞅꞇ, Carelessness.

Words that denote Descent, Patronomica, Fæꝺeꞃlıce Naman, Names derived from the Father’s Name, end in ınᵹ, as, Cenꝼuꞅınᵹ, the Son of Cenfusa.

It must be observed, that Sunna, Sun, is of the Feminine, and Mona, Moon, is of the Masculine, and Ƿıꝼ is of the Neuter Gender.

Nouns are distinguish’d by their Articles, Adjectives, and Pronouns.

Of Adjectives.

AN Adjective, nameꞅ ᵹeꝼeꞃa; is either Simple, as, eaꝺıᵹ, happy, eꝼen, even or equal; or Compound, as, ꞇıꞃ eaꝺıᵹ, high in Power, eꝼen-ece, co-eternal, eꝼen-ꞅpeꝺelıc, equal in Substance.

Adjectives are declined after this Example.

	Singular Number.		Plural Number.
Nom.	Masc. Neut.	Fem.
	Goꝺ, Good, bonus, -um.	Goꝺe, bona.	Goꝺe.
Gen.	Goꝺeꞅ.	Goꝺꞃe.	Goꝺꞃa.
Dat.	Goꝺum.	Goꝺꞃe.	Goꝺum.
Acc.	Goꝺne, Goꝺ.	Goꝺe.	Goꝺe.
Voc.	Goꝺa	Goꝺe.	Goꝺe, -an.
Abl.	Goꝺum.	Goꝺꞃe.	Goꝺum.

18

Several Adjectives, besides their common Termination, receive a final a, which generally gives somewhat of a particular Emphasis, as, Goꝺcunꝺ, Divine, Goꝺcunꝺa, very Divine, or very Holy.

The Terminations of Adjectives are as follows.

Adjectives that signify Nation or Countrey, end in ıꞅc, as, Iuꝺeıꞅc; hence our ish, as, Jewish, Enᵹlıꞅc, English, Romanıꞅc, Romish, &c.

Many are form’d from Nouns Substantives, by adding leaꞅ or leaꞅe, signifying want or defect; from hence also our less is derived, as, ꞃeceleaꞅ, careless, ꞅcomleaꞅ, shameless, ꞅacleaꞅ, harmless: So fatherless, motherless, friendless, &c.

Others end in lıc, or lıce, from whence our Termination in like, and ly, as, heoꝼenlıc, heavenly, ᵹoꝺlıc, godlike, and godly.

Others, which signify the Matter out of which any thing is made, end in en, as, æꞅcen, ashen, from Æꞅc, an Ash, beoꞃcen, birchen, ꞅꞇænen, stony.

Many end in ıᵹ, as, heꝼıᵹ, heavy, ꝺꞃeoꞃıᵹ, dreery, sorry, mıꞃıᵹ, merry, ænıᵹ, any: This Termination is changed into our y.

Adjectives expressing Number, end after the same manner, as, ꞇƿenꞇıᵹ, ðꞃıꞇꞇıᵹ, and so on.

Some end in ꝼul, as, Ƿæꞇeꞃꝼul, full of Water, or dropsical.

Some in bæꞃ, as, ƿeꞅꞇmbæꞃ, fruitful, or bearing Fruit, luꞅꞇ bæꞃ, jocund, or bearing Joy.

Some in ꝼæꞅꞇ, as, ꞃæꝺꝼæꞅꞇ, fast to his Resolution.

Others end in ꞅum, as, lanᵹꞅum, very long or tiresom as we say, ƿınꞅum, very pretty, well favour’d: We retain the same ending in several words, as, handsom, wholesom, fulsom, toilsom.

19

Nouns Adjectives are to be consider’d, either as they have a positive Signification, or as they signify comparing one thing with another, by which Comparison we find, how things agree with, differ from, or excel one another. This is either in a less degree, or in the highest: That which expresses the less degree, is term’d Comparative, Ƿıðmeꞇenlıce, this denotes the measure by which a thiag is known to be greater or better than another. The other, the highest, is call’d the Superlative, Oꝼeꞃꞅꞇıᵹenꝺlıce, which signifies the most and the best, as if indeed it did exceed all degrees of Comparison.

The Termination of the Comparative degree, is in eꞃ, eꞃe, aꞃ, æꞃe, ıꞃ, oꞃ, uꞃ, ẏꞃ.

The Superlative in aꞅꞇ, æꞅꞇ, eꞅꞇ, ıꞅꞇ, oꞅꞇ, uꞅꞇ, ẏꞅꞇ; as, ꞃıhꞇƿıꞅe, righteous, ꞃıhꞇƿıꞅeꞃe, more righteous, ꞃıhꞇƿıꞅaꞅꞇ, -eꞅꞇ, -ẏꞅꞇ, most righteous; and when a greater Stress or Emphasis is put upon the Signification, it is usual to take a final a in both the degrees, as, ꞃıhꞇƿıꞅeꞃa, -aꞃa, &c. in the Comparative; ꞃıhꞇƿıꞅaꞅꞇa, -æꞅꞇa &c. in the Superlative. But all do not follow this order, as, ᵹoꝺ, good, beꞇeꞃe, -ꞃa, better, beꞇꞅꞇ, beꞇeꞅꞇa and ꞅeloꞅꞇ, best of all; ẏꝼel, evil, ƿẏꞃꞅ, worse, ƿẏꞃꞅꞇ, worst; mıcel, much, mæꞃe, mæꞃa, more, mæꞅꞇ, mæꞅꞇa, most; lẏꞇel, little, leꞅꞅe, less, læꞅꞇ, lest of all; uꞇꞇeꞃ, ẏꞇꞇꞃe, outer, or beyond, ẏꞇꞇꞃeꞅꞇ, ẏꞇemeꞅꞇ, ẏꞇemeꞅꞇa, utmost, or last of all.

Some are compared from Adverbs, as from æꞃ, before, æꞃeꞅꞇ, æꞃeꞅꞇa, from the Cimbric fyr, or fyrr, ꝼẏꞃmeꞅꞇ, ꝼẏꞃmeꞅꞇa; besides these there is ꝼoꞃma, ꝼoꞃmeꞅꞇ, ꝼoꞃmeꞅꞇa, foremost; ꝼuꞃðoꞃ, ꝼuꞃðuꞃ, ꝼuꞃðꞃe, ꝼuꞃðꞃa, further, beyond.

20

Of Pronouns.

THE Pronoun Primitive, Fꞃumcenneꝺ, or Fẏꞃmeꞅꞇ, of the first Person, is thus declined.

	Singular.	Plural.	The Dual Number where two Persons are signified.
Nom.	Ic, I.	Ƿe, we.	Ƿıꞇ, we two.
Gen.	Mın, of me.	Uꞃe, of us.	Unceꞃ, of us two.
Dat.	Me, to me.	Uꞅ, to us.	Unc, unᵹe, & uncꞃum, to us two.
Acc.	Me, mec, from the Goth. 𐌼𐌹𐍂.	Uꞅ, us.	Ƿıꞇ, we two.
Abl.	Me, for, or from me.	Uꞅ, from us.	Unc, unᵹe, & uncꞃum, for us two.

For the Primitive ƿe, we, the Dano-Saxons use ƿoe, and uꞅıh, as also uꞅıc, uꞅıch, uꞅıᵹ, for us.

The Pronoun Possessive, Geaᵹnıenꝺlıc, of the first Person, is thus declined.

	Singular Number.		Plural Number.
Nom.	Mın, mıne, mın, meus, mea, meum.		Mine, mei, meæ, mea, those things which are mine.
Gen.	Mıneꞅ, mınꞃe, mıneꞅ.		Mınꞃa.
Dat.	Mınum, mınꞃe, mınum.		Mınum.
Acc.	Mınne, mıne, mın.		Mıne.
Voc.	Mın, mıne, mın.		Mıne.
Abl.	Mınum, mınꞃe, mınum.		Mınum.

21 I

	Singular Number.		Plural Number.
	Noster, nostra, nostrum.
Nom.	Uꞃe, uꞃe, uꞃe.		Uꞃe.
Gen.	Uꞃeꞅ, uꞃꞃe, uꞃe.		Uꞃꞃa.
Dat.	Uꞃum, uꞃꞃe, uꞃum.		Uꞃum.
Acc.	Uꞃne, uꞃe, uꞃne.		Uꞃe.
Voc.	Uꞃe, uꞃe, uꞃe.		Uꞃe.
Abl.	Uꞃum, uꞃꞃe, uꞃum.		Uꞃum.

For the Possessive uꞃe, is read uꞅe; uꞅeꞃ, and uꞅꞅeꞃ, uꞅꞅum, for uꞃum; uꞅꞅeꞅ, for uꞃeꞅ; uꞅꞅe, for uꞃne in the Danish Saxon.

	Singular Number.		Plural Number.
	Noster, nostra, nostrum.
Nom.	Unceꞃ, unceꞃe, unceꞃ.		Uncꞃe.
Gen.	Uncꞃeꞅ, unceꞃꞃeꞅ, uncꞃeꞅ.		Unceꞃꞃa.
Dat.	Uncꞃum, unceꞃꞃe, uncꞃum.		Uncꞃum.
Acc.	Unceꞃne, unceꞃe, unceꞃne.		Uncꞃe.
Voc.	Unceꞃ, unceꞃe, unceꞃ.		Uncꞃe.
Abl.	Uncꞃum, unceꞃꞃe, uncꞃum.		Uncꞃum.

The Pronoun Primitive of the second Person is thus declined.

	Singular.	Plural.	Dual.
Nom.	Ðu, thou.	Ge, ye.	* Gẏꞇ.
Gen.	Þin.	Eoƿeꞃ.	Inceꞃ.
Dat.	Þe.	Eoƿ.	Incꞃum & inc.
Acc.	Þe, þec.	Eoƿ.	Inc.
Voc.	Eala þu.	Eala ᵹe.	Eala inc.
Abl.	Þe.	Eoƿ.	Incꞃum & inc.

* Incıꞇ, you two, is found for ᵹẏꞇ, as if it were ıncᵹẏꞇ; ᵹeoƿ for eoƿ; and ıuch, ıƿh, uıh, ıuıh, ıuıch, eoƿıc, ıoƿıh, ᵹeıoƿ, in the Dano-Saxon for eoƿ; and ıueꞃ, ıueꞃꞃe, ıuoꞃ for eoƿeꞃ, D. S.

22

The Pronouns Possessives of the second Person are Þin, and Eoƿeꞃ, and are thus declined.

	Singular Number.
	Tuus, tua, tuum.
Nom.	Ðin, þine, þin; the rest, as, min, mine, min &c.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
	Vester, vestra, vestrum.
Nom.	Eoƿeꞃ, eoƿeꞃe, eoƿeꞃ.		Eoƿeꞃe.
Gen.	Eoƿeꞃeꞅ, eoƿeꞃꞃa, eoƿeꞃeꞅ.		Eoƿeꞃꞃa.
Dat.	Eoƿeꞃum, eoƿeꞃꞃe, eoƿeꞃum.		Eoƿꞃum.
Acc.	Eoƿeꞃne, eoƿeꞃe, eoƿeꞃne.		Eoƿeꞃe, &c.

For eoƿeꞃe eoƿꞃe is written &c. and for eoƿꞃum, D. S. ıuꞃꞃe; and ınceꞃ is declin’d like unceꞃ.

The Pronoun Primitive of the third Person is thus: declined.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
Nom.	He, he.		Hı, they.
Gen.	Hẏꞅ.		Hıꞃa.
Dat.	Hım.		Hım.
Acc.	Hıne.		Hı.
Abl.	Hım.		Hım.

Se is used for he; for hı, is found hıᵹ, and heo; for heoꞃa, is written hıoꞃa, and heoꞃum; for hıꞃa, heꞃ and heꞃe; heom also for hım, hı-heom, they themselves: Hıꞇ, hẏꞇ, is Neuter, of he and heo, and signifies that: He in D. S. often redundant; as, ðæꞅ he ꝼalꞅað, he blasphemeth.

23 I2

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
Nom.	Heo, she.		Hı.
Gen.	Hıꞃe.		Heoꞃa.
Dat.	Hıꞃe.		Hım.
Acc.	Hı.		Hı.
Abl.	Hıꞃe.		Hım.

The Pronoun Ðıꞅ, Þeoꞅ, Þaꞇ, is thus declined.

	Singular. M.	Feminine.	Plural.
Nom.	Ðıꞅ, ðeꞅ.	Ðeoꞅ.	Ðaꞅ.
Gen.	Ðıꞅeꞅ, ðıꞅꞅeꞅ, þeꞅeꞅ, & þæꞅ.	Ðıꞅꞅeꞃe.	Ðıꞅeꞃa, þıꞅꞅeꞃa.
Dat.	Ðıꞅum, & þıꞅ.	Ðıꞅꞅeꞃe.	Ðıꞅum.
Acc.	Ðıꞅne, þıꞅ, þæꞅ.	Ðæꞅ, þaꞅ, þeoꞅ.	Ðaꞅ.
Abl.	Ðıꞅum.	Ðıꞅꞅeꞃe, þıꞅeꞃe.	Ðıꞅum.

	Sing. Numb. Neut.		Plural.
Nom.	Ðaꞇ.		Þa.
Gen.	Þıꞅ, & þaꞅ.		Þæꞃa.
Dat.	Þam.		Þam.
Acc.	Þaꞇ.		Þa.
Abl.	Þam.		Þam.

For ðıꞅ, ðeꞅ, are used ðaꞇ, ðæꞇ; ðẏꞅum and ðıꞅon, for ðıꞅum; ðıaꞅne, for ðıꞅne; ðıꞅꞅe and ðæꞃe, for ðıꞅꞅeꞃe; ðıꞅꞅa and ðıꞅꞅ for ðıꞅꞅeꞃa: Ðıꞅ, ðeꞅ, ðeoꞅ, ðaꞇ, signify isthic, isthæc, isthoc.

24

The Pronoun Relative Hƿılc, Hƿılce, is thus declined.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
Nom.	Hƿılc, hƿılce, hƿılc, which.		Hƿılce.
Gen.	Hƿılceꞅ, hƿılcꞃe, hƿılceꞅ.		Hƿılcꞃa.
Dat.	Hƿılcum, hƿılcꞃe, hƿılcum.		Hƿılcum.
Acc.	Hƿılcne, hƿılce, hƿılcne.		Hƿılce.
Abl.	Hƿılcum, hƿılcum, hƿılcum.		Hƿılcum.

Hƿılc also signifies, who, of what Quality, any one is, Sƿa hƿılc ꞅƿa, whosoever. In the same manner is declin’d ælc, ælce, quisque, quæque, quodque; and æᵹhƿılc, æᵹhƿhılce (as ælc hƿılc) unusquisque, unaquæque, unumquodque; æᵹhƿılc, for ælchƿılc, as, æᵹhƿeꞃ, every where, for ælchƿæꞃ; anꞃa ᵹehƿılc, each one.

Se, ꞅeo, and þe, þeo, þaꞇ, put on the Nature of Pronouns Relative: Ðe being placed after Pronouns of all Persons; signifies who, as, ıc þe, ðu þe, ꞅe þe, I who, thou who, he who: For ꞅe ꝺe, is used ðe ðe.

Sẏlꝼ, self, is thus declined.

	Masculine Sing. Numb.		Plural Number.
Nom.	Sẏlꝼ.		Sẏlꝼe.
Gen.	Sẏlꝼeꞅ.		Sẏlꝼꞃa.
Dat.	Sẏlꝼum.		Sẏlꝼum.
Acc.	Sẏlꝼne.		Sẏlꝼe.
Abl.	Sẏlꝼum.		Sẏlꝼum.
	Feminine Sing Numb.		Plural Number.
Nom.	Sẏlꝼe.		Sẏlꝼe.
Gen.	Sẏlꝼꞃe.		Sẏlꝼꞃa.
Dat.	Sẏlꝼꞃe.		Sẏlꝼum.
Acc.	Sẏlꝼe.		Sẏlꝼe.
Abl.	Sẏlꝼꞃe.		Sẏlꝼum.

25

Sẏlꝼ, or ꞅẏlꝼe, are compounded with other Pronouns, ıc ꞅẏlꝼ, I my self, mın ꞅelꝼeꞅ, of my self, ƿe ꞅẏlꝼe, we our selves, uꞃe ꞅẏlꝼꞃa, of our selves, &c. And with Nouns, as, Peꞇꞃuꞅ ꞅẏlꝼ, Peter’s self, Cꞃıꞅꞇ ꞅẏlꝼ* ꞅanᵹ Paꞇeꞃ Noꞅꞇeꞃ æꞃoꞅꞇ, Christ himself first sang Pater Noster. From the word sang, may be observed the Antiquity of singing the Service in the Saxon Church, as was first observed in the Preface to the Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory, p. 36.

* It is worthy to observe how the Francick agrees with this, and what Dr. Eccard has said in his Notes upon his Catechesis Theotisca, p. 116.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
	Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom.	Ẏlc, Ẏlce, Ẏlc,		ẏlce.
Gen.	ẏlceꞅ, ẏlcꞃe, ẏlceꞅ,		ẏlcꞃa.
Dat.	ẏlcum, ẏlcꞃe, ẏlcum,		ẏlcum.
Acc.	ẏlcne, ẏlce, ẏlcne,		ẏlce.
Abl.	ẏlcum, ẏlcꞃe, ẏlcum,		ẏlcum.

a added to ẏlc, gives it an Emphasis, as, ẏlca, that very Thing, or Person; and is thus varied.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
Nom.	ẏlca.		ẏlcan.
Gen.	ẏlcan.		ẏlcꞃa.
Dat.	ẏlcan.		ẏlcan.
Acc.	ẏlcan.		ẏlcan.
Abl.	ẏlcan.		ẏlcan.

Se ẏlca, the very same, Masc. ꞅeo ẏlce, the very same, Fem. þaꞅ ẏlcan, is the Genitive Case, Masc. and Neut. þæꞃe ẏlcan, is Gen. Case, Fem.

26

Sƿılc, hƿılc, þıllıc, þẏlc, and þıꞅlıc, such, are all declined like ẏlc.

Hƿa, hua, Masc. Fem. and Neut, who: And hƿæꞇ, huæꞇ, what, are thus declined.

	Singular Number.
Nom.	Hƿa, hƿæꞇ, hƿaꞇ.
Gen.	Hƿæꞅ.
Dat.	Hƿam, hƿæm, hƿam.
Acc.	Hƿæne, hƿone, hƿæne.
Abl.	Hƿam, hƿæm, hƿam.

To this sort belongs hƿæꞇ huᵹu, hƿæꞇ hƿæᵹ, D. S. huoꞇ huoeᵹo, which signifies a little: hƿæꞇ hƿeᵹunınᵹa, hƿæꞇ hƿeᵹanunᵹeꞅ, something; æᵹ hƿa, æᵹ hƿæꞇ, (from ælc hƿa) every one, every thing; ꞅƿa hƿa ꞅƿa, whosoever, ꞅƿa hƿæꞇ ꞅƿa, whatsoever; ᵹe hƿa, any one, ᵹe hƿæꞇ, ᵹe hƿæꝺ, any thing; elleꞅ hƿæꞇ, somewhat else; hƿæne, hƿene, hƿon, a little.

Masc and Neut. ænıᵹ, any one, any thing.

	Sing. Numb.		Plural.
Nom.	M. N. Ænıᵹ, ænıᵹe, F.		Ænıᵹe.
Gen.	Ænıᵹeꞅ, ænıᵹꞃe.		Ænıᵹꞃa.
Dat.	Ænıᵹum, ænıᵹꞃe.		Ænıᵹum.
Acc.	Ænıᵹne, ænıᵹe.		Ænıᵹe.
Abl.	Ænıᵹum, ænıᵹꞃe.		Ænıᵹum.

For ænıᵹ, is read ænı; ænıne, for ænıᵹne; (as ꝺẏꞅıne, for ꝺẏꞅıᵹne;) for ænıᵹum, is read ænᵹum; from ne, not, and ænıᵹ, any, is made nænıᵹ, none, or nothing; as likewise is ænlıƿıc, or ænlıƿıᵹ, each one; ænlıƿıᵹe, Feminine.

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	Singular Number.
	Masculine.		Feminine.
Nom.	Ænlıƿıᵹ.		Ænlıƿıᵹe.
Gen.	Ænlıƿıᵹeꞅ.		Ænlıƿıᵹꞃe.
Dat.	Ænlıƿıᵹum.		Ænlıƿıᵹꞃe.
Acc.	Ænlıƿıᵹne.		Ænlıƿıᵹe.
Abl.	Ænlıƿıᵹum.		Ænlıƿıᵹꞃe.

Sum, some Person, or some Thing, and Sume, the Feminine, are declined thus.

	Sing. Numb.		Plur. Numb.
Nom.	Sum, ꞅume.		Sume.
Gen.	Sumeꞅ, ꞅumꞃe.		Sumꞃa.
Dat.	Sumum, ꞅumꞃe.		Sumum.
Acc.	Sumne, ꞅume.		Sume.
Abl.	Sumum, ꞅumꞃe.		Sumum.

An, one, is sometimes put for ꞅum, some; for ꞅum, that signifies any one, the word man sometimes used.

	Sing. Numb.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	An,	æn,	ane,
Gen.	Aneꞅ,		anꞃe,
Dar.	Anum,		anꞃe,
Acc.	Anne,		ane,
Abl.	Anum.		anꞃe.

In the same manner is nan, none, declined.

Aᵹen, and aᵹene, which signifies Propriety in any thing, or Possesion of it; for which at this Day is used own, and by the Northern English awn.

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	Singular Number.
	Masc. and Neut.		Fem.
Nom.	Aᵹen.		Aᵹene.
Gen.	Aᵹeneꞅ.		Aᵹenꞃe.
Dat.	Aᵹenum.		Aᵹenꞃe.
Acc.	Aᵹenne.		Aᵹene.
Abl.	Aᵹenum.		Aᵹenꞃe.

	Sing. Numb.		Plur. Numb.
	Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom.	Eall, ealle, eall, all.		Ealle.
Gen.	Ealleꞅ, ealꞃe, ealleꞅ.		Ealꞃa.
Dat.	Eallum, ealꞃe, eallum.		Eallum.
Acc.	Ealne, ealle, ealne.		Ealle.
Abl.	Eallum, ealꞃe, eallum.		Eallum.

Eall, æll or all, being compounded with another word, signify Excellence, Perfection or Fullness, as, Ællmıhıꞇıᵹ, Allƿealꝺa, thus in English, Almighty, All-governing.

Hƿæþeꞃ, ᵹehƿæþeꞃ, æᵹhƿæþeꞃ, either; ꞅƿahƿæþeꞃ, ꞅƿæhƿæþeꞃ, ꞅƿaþeꞃ, ꞅƿæþeꞃ, whethersoever; auþeꞃ, oþeꞃ, oƿþeꞃ, other; naþeꞃ, naƿþeꞃ, naþoꞃ, nahƿæþeꞃ, nohƿeþeꞃ, neither; æᵹþeꞃ, either, are declined in the common form of Pronouns in eꞃ, such as unceꞃ and eoþeꞃ

We will close the Series of Pronouns with aƿıhꞇ or aƿuhꞇ, contracted aƿhꞇ, auhꞇ, uhꞇ, by leaving out the a, ƿıhꞇ, ƿuhꞇ, any thing: From hence naƿıhꞇ, noƿıhꞇ, nauhꞇ, nahꞇ, nænıᵹƿuhꞇ, nothing, in English no-whit, in the Plural nauhꞇaꞅ.

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Cardinal Numbers, Ꝥ ꞅınꝺ þa heaꝼoꝺ Geꞇel.

Þa Naman ðe ᵹeꞇacnıaþ Geꞇel, the Names that signify Number.

• An, æne, æn, one;
• ꞇƿeᵹen, ꞇƿeᵹe, ꞇƿıᵹ, ꞇƿa, two;
• þꞃẏ, þꞃeo, three;
• ꝼeoƿeꞃ, four;
• ꝼıꝼ, five;
• ꞅıx, six;
• ꞅeoꝼen, seven;
• eahꞇa, Gr. ῆτα, eight;
• nıᵹon, nine;
• ꞇẏn, ten;
• enꝺluꝼan, ænꝺleꝼan, ænꝺlẏꝼan, eleven;
• ꞇƿelꝼ, twelve;
• þꞃeoꞇẏne, thirteen;
• ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇẏne, fourteen;
• ꝼẏꝼꞇẏne, fifteen;
• ꞅẏxꞇẏne, sixteen;
• ꞅeoꝼonꞇẏne, seventeen;
• eahꞇaꞇẏne, eighteen;
• nıᵹonꞇẏne, nineteen;
• ꞇƿenꞇıᵹ, twenty;
• an ⁊ ꞇƿenꞇıᵹ, one and twenty;
• þꞃıꞇꞇıᵹ, thirty;
• ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇıᵹ, forty;
• ꝼıꝼꞇıᵹ, fifty;
• ꞅıxꞇıᵹ, sixty;
• ꞅeoꝼonꞇıᵹ, seventy;
• hunꝺ eahꞇaꞇıᵹ, eighty;
• hunꝺ nıᵹonꞇıᵹ, ninety;
• hunꝺ ꞇeonꞇıᵹ, a hundred;
• hunꝺ enꝺluꝼonꞇıᵹ, a hundred and ten;
• hunꝺ ꞇƿelꝼꞇıᵹ, a hundred and twenty;
• ꞇƿa hunꝺ, two hundred;
• þꞃeo hunꝺ, three hundred;
• þuꞅenꝺ, a thousand.

These Numbers, from four to a hundred, are of all Genders.

Enꝺebẏꞃꝺlıce Naman, Nouns that signify the Order of Things, as,

• Foꞃma, ꝼẏꞃmeꞅꞇa, æꞃeꞅꞇa, æꞃꞃa, first;
• oþoꞃ, æꝼꞇeꞃa, second;
• þꞃıꝺꝺa, third;
• ꝼeoꞃða, fourth;
• ꝼıꝼꞇa, fifth;
• ꞅıxꞇa, sixth;
• ꞅeoꝼoða, seventh;
• eahꞇeoða, eighth;
• nıᵹoða, ninth;
• ꞇeoða, tenth;
• enꝺluꝼꞇa, enꝺleꝼꞇa, ænlẏꝼꞇa, eleventh;
• ꞇƿelꝼꞇa, twelfth;
• þꞃeoꞇeoða, thirteenth;
• ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇeoða, fourteenth;
• ꝼıꝼꞇeoða, fifteenth;
• ꞅıxꞇeoða, sixteenth;
• ꞅeoꝼonꞇeoða, seventeenth;
• eahꞇaꞇeoða, eighteenth;
• nıᵹonꞇeoða, nineteenth;
• ꞇƿenꞇeoᵹoða, twentieth;
• an ⁊ ꞇƿenꞇeoᵹoða, one and twentieth;
• þꞃıꞇꞇeᵹoða, thirtieth;
• ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇeoᵹoþa, fortieth;
• ꝼıꝼꞇeoᵹoþa, fiftieth;
• 30 ꞅıxꞇeoᵹoþa, sixtieth;
• hunꝺ ꞅeoꝼonꞇıᵹoþa, seventieth;
• hunꝺ eahꞇaꞇıᵹoþa, eightieth;
• hunꝺ nıᵹonꞇeoᵹoþa, ninetieth;
• hunꝺ ꞇeonꞇeoᵹoþa, hundredth.

Add to these, ba, beᵹen, baꞇƿa, buꞇu, buꞇƿu, both, Nom. Ba, Gen. Beᵹꞃa, Dat. Bam, Acc. Ba, Abl. Bam; Ꞇƿın, ᵹeꞇƿın, Twins; eallꞅƿa ꝼela, so many; eallꞅƿa mıcel, so much; eꝼꞇꞅƿa mıcel, the same; hƿılceꞃe, how many; an-ꝼealꝺ, one-fold; ꞇƿẏ-ꝼealꝺ, two-fold; þꞃẏ-ꝼealꝺ, three-fold; ẏꞇemeꞅꞇa, last of all.

In numbering and reckoning up of Things, ꞅum and healꝼ, are of great use, as, þꞃıꞇꞇıᵹa ꞅum, some thirty, or about thirty, oþeꞃ healꝼ, one and a half, oþeꞃ healꝼ hunꝺ, a hundred and fifty. The Greeks and Latins likewise use the same way of Writing ἔβδομεν ἡμιτάλαντον, six Talents and a half: Sestertius (qu. semis tertius) two Pound and a half; the ancient note of which was LLS, now HS.

Of Verbs. Be FORDUM.

A Verb is a Part of Speech, with Time or Tense, and Person, but without Case.

There are eight Things belong to a Verb, first Signification, Geꞇacnunᵹ, signifying either somewhat done, ꝺæꝺlıc Ƿoꞃꝺ, Verb active; or somewhat suffer’d, þꞃoƿıᵹenꝺlıc Ƿoꞃꝺ, Verb passive; or neither, naþoꞃ, i.e. Neuter: Second Tense or Time, Ꞇıꝺ; Mood, Gemeꞇ; Kind, Hıƿ; Figure, Geꝼeᵹeꝺnẏꞅꞅ; Conjunction, Geþeoꝺnẏꞅ; Person, Haꝺ; Number, Geꞇel.

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Of Tense. Be ꞆIDE.

In general there are three Tenses, belonging to each Verb that is perfect; first the present Tense, anꝺƿeaꞃꝺ Ꞇıꝺ, as, ıc ꞅꞇanꝺe, I stand; the Præterit Tense, or time past, ꝼoꞃþᵹeƿıꞇen Ꞇıꝺ, ıc ꞅꞇoꝺ, I stood; the future Tense, or time to come, ꞇoƿeꞃꝺ Ꞇıꝺ, ıc ꞅꞇanꝺe nu ꞃıhꞇe, oþþe on ꞅumne ꞇıman, I shall stand by and by, or some time or other. The Præterit, or time past, is consider’d three ways; first as a time imperfectly past, unꝼulꝼꞃemeꝺ ꝼoꞃþᵹeƿıꞇen, as when a thing is begun, and not fully accomplish’d, ıc ꞅꞇoꝺ, I did stand: Secondly the Præter­perfect, or time perfectly past, ꝼoꞃþᵹeƿıꞇen ꝼulꝼꞃemeꝺ, ıc ꞅꞇoꝺ, I have stood: Thirdly the Præter­plusquam­perfect, the time more than perfectly past, ꝼoꞃþᵹeƿıꞇen maꞃe þon ꝼulꝼꞃemeꝺ, because it had been done a long time before, as, I stood long before, ıc ꞅꞇoꝺ ᵹeꝼẏꞃn.

Of Moods. Be GEMEꞆUM.

MOOD, Gemeꞇ, is the way or manner of speaking of any thing: There are six Moods, the Indicative, Gebıcnıᵹenꝺlıce; the Imperative, Bebeoꝺenꝺlıc; the Optative, Geƿıꞅcenꝺlıc, the Potential, Mæᵹenlıc; the Subjunctive, Unꝺeꞃþeoꝺenꝺlıc; the Infinitive, Unᵹe-enꝺıᵹenꝺlıc.

The Indicative, with this we declare what we our selves, or what other Men do; as, ıc ꞃæꝺe, I read, hereby is declared what I do. This Mood is perfect in all its Tenses and Persons, and for that reason is the first.

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The Imperative; with this Mood we command other Men to do something, or suffer something, as; ꞃæꝺ þu, do thou read; ꞃæꝺe he, let him read; beꞅƿınᵹ þıꞅ Cılꝺ, whip this Child; ꞅẏ he beꞅƿunᵹen, let him be whipt. This Mood speaks of that which is to come, and has no Præter­perfect Tense, because no Man commands the doing what is done already; he speaks to some other, and not to himself, because every Man commands some other Person, and not himself.

The Optative; it has need of the help of some other word in order to make it perfect, as, Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc luꝼoꝺe Goꝺ, I wish I had loved God; Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc ꞃæꝺꝺe nu, O that I had read now. Eala ᵹıꝼ, is an Adverb, and it makes this Mood perfect after this manner.

The Subjunctive, or Conjunctive, because it is under the aforesaid Moods, and needs the help of another word, as, þon ıc ꞃæꝺe com ꞇo me, when I read come to me; þonne ıc ꞇæce þu leoꞃnaꞅꞇ, when I teach thou learnest.

The Infinitive, Unᵹeenꝺıᵹenꝺlıc, or without Ending, because that no Speech is ended without the Addition of three Things, Person, Tense, and Number, luꝼıan, to love; there is no knowing before-hand any thing by this manner of Speech, without saying ıc ƿẏlle luꝼıan, I will love. In these words, I will, is the First Person, Present Tense, Singular Number.

The Infinitive Mood is of two kinds, the one is called Primitive, as, luꝼıan, to love, ꞇæcan, to teach, ᵹeꞅeon, to see. The other derivative, ꞇo luꝼıenne, ꞇo ᵹeꞅeonne.

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Of the Verb Substantive.

THE Verb Substantive, by the help of which the passive Voice is form’d, in Saxon is beon, to be.

The Indicative Mood Present Tense.

Sing. Eom, eam, am, om, beom, beo, aꞃ, ꞅẏ, ꞅı, I am; eaꞃꞇ, aꞃþ, bıꞅꞇ, eꞅ, ꞅı, thou art; ẏꞅ, ıꞅ, bẏþ, bıþ, ꞅı, he is.

Plur. Sınꝺon, ꞅenꝺon, ꞅıenꞇ, ꞅẏnꝺ, ꞅınꝺ, ꞅınꞇ, ꞅın, ꞅıen, ꞅeon, ꞅıe, ꞅẏnꝺon, ꞅınꝺun, aꞃon, bıþon, beoþ, bıþon, beoþ, we are, ye are, they are.

The Præterimperfect Tense.

Sing. 1. Ƿæꞅ, I was; 2. ƿæꞃe, thou wert; 3. ƿaꞅ, ƿæꞅ he was.

Plur. 1, 2, 3. Ƿæꞃon, ƿæꞃun, we were, ye were, they were.

For ƿæꞃe, ƿæꞃon, in the D. S. we meet with ƿæꞅ; as also uueꞅ, uıeꞅ, uæꞅ, ƿeꞅ: But for ƿæꞃun, is read ƿæꞃum, or ƿoeꞃun.

The Future Tense.

Sing. 1. Beo, beom, bıom, I shall be; 2. bẏꞅꞇ, thou shalt be; 3. bẏþ, ƿæꞅ, he shall be.

Plur. 1, 2, 3. Beoþ, bıþon, we shall be, ye shall be, they shall be.

The Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Beo þu, ꞅı þu, or ꞅıᵹ þu, ƿæꞅ þu, be thou; 3. bẏþ he, ꞅẏ he, ꞅı he, ꞅıᵹ he, ꞅıenꝺe he, let him be.

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Plur. 1. Beo ƿe, or ꞅın ƿe, let us be; 2. beoþ, beo ᵹe, or ꞅın ᵹe, ƿeꞅe ᵹe, ƿoꞅaꞅ ᵹe, ƿoꞅaþ ᵹe, be ye; 3. beon hı, or ꞅın hı, ꞅıen hı, let them be.

The Optative and Subjunctive Moods, Present Tense.

Sing. 1. Beo, ꞅı, ꞅẏ, may I be; 2. bẏꞅꞇ, ꞅı, mayest thou be; 3. beo, ꞅı, may he be.

Plur. 1. Beon, ꞅẏn, ꞅın, may we be; 2. beon, ꞅın, ꞅẏn, beoþ, may ye be; 3. beon, ꞅın, ꞅẏn, may they be.

For ꞅı and ꞅın, is often writ ꞅıo, ꞅeo, ꞅıᵹ, ꞅıe, ꞅe, ꞅıon, ꞅeon; and for beoþ, in D. S. beoþan.

The Imperfect, Perfect, Plusquamperfect and Future Tenses.

Sing. Ƿæꞃe, I might, could, would, should, or ought to be; have been, had been.

Plur. Ƿeꞃon, -an, -en, -un, ƿæꞃe, we, ye, they might, could, would, should, or ought to be; have been, had been.

The Infinitive Mood Present Tense, or Primitive.

Beon, bıon, bıan, bẏan, bıen, ƿæꞅan, to be; ƿoꞅa, ƿoꞅꞅa, ƿoꞅan, ƿeꞃe, ꞅıe, D. S. to be; ꞇo beonne, ꞇo bıonne, ꞇo ƿoꞅanne. This is the Infinitive Mood derivative, and answers to the Gerunds, Supines, and Participles; in Latin existendi, of being; existendo, in being; existendum, to be; futurus, shall be; hıꞇ ıꞅ ꞇıma ꞇo beonne, it is time to be, tempus est existendi; uꞅ ıꞅ heꞃe ꞇo beonne, existendum, vel manendum, est nobis hic, we must be here; ꞅe þe ꞅceal beonne, futurus, he that shall be; ꞇo ƿeaꞃꝺ, is the same; ꞅe þe ꞇo ƿeaꞃꝺ ıꞅ, he that is to come. Saxon Homil. on the beheading of St. John Baptist.

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The Verb Ƿeoꞃþan Geƿeoꞃþan, to be, to be made or done, is formed after this manner.

The Indicative and Subjunctive Moods Present and Future Tense.

Sing. 1. Ic ƿeoꞃþe, ƿuꞃþe, ƿẏꞃþe, ƿuꞃꝺe, I am, I shall, or will be, I may be, I am made, I may be made; þu ƿeoꞃþeꞅꞇ, ƿuꞃþeꞅꞇ, ƿuꞃꝺeꞅꞇ, thou are, mayest, shalt, or wilt be, thou art made, thou shalt be made, thou mayest be made; he ƿeoꞃþe, ƿuꞃþe, ƿẏꞃþe, ƿeoꞃþeþ, ƿuꞃꝺe, he is, shall be, may be, he is made, he may be made, he shall be made.

Plur. Ƿe ƿeoꞃþon, ƿeaꞃꝺon, -an, -en, ƿeoꞃðaþ, ƿuꞃꝺaþ, we are, &c. ᵹe ƿeoꞃþe, ƿeoꞃðeþ, ƿeoꞃꝺeþ, -aþ, ye are, shall be, may be, &c. hı ƿeoꞃðon, ƿeoꞃꝺon, -an, -en, -un, ƿeoꞃðað, ƿuꞃðað, they are, &c..

The Future is sometimes exprest with the help of ꞅceal, as, ıc ꞅceal ƿeoꞃðan, I shall be, or shall be made.

The Præterperfect Tense.

Sing. Ic ƿeaꞃð, I was, or was made; ðu ƿeaꞃþeꞅꞇ, thou wert, or wast made; he ƿeaꞃþ, he was, or was made.

Plur. Ƿe ƿuꞃꝺon, -an, -en, ƿeoꞃꝺon, -an, -en, we were, &c. ᵹe ƿeꞃꝺeð, ye were, &c. hı ƿoꞃꝺon, -an, -en, ƿeoꞃꝺon, ƿeoꞃꝺon, -an, -en, they were, &c.

The Imperative Mood.

Sing. Ƿeoꞃða ðu, be thou, or be thou made; ƿeoꞃðe, ƿuꞃðe, ƿẏꞃðe he, be he, or let him be, or be made.

Plur. Ƿeoꞃðon, -an, -en, -un, ƿe, be we, or let us be, or be made; ƿeoꞃðe ᵹe, be ye, or be ye made; ƿeoꞃðe hı, be they, or let them be, or be made.

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The Infinitive Mood.

Ƿeoꞃðan, ᵹeƿeoꞃðan, ƿoꞃþan, to be, or to be made; ꞇo ƿeoꞃþan, answerable to the Gerunds, of being, in being, to be, or must be: The Participle ƿoꞃꝺen, ᵹeƿoꞃꝺen, made.

Of the Verb Active Regular.

A Verb Active is either Regular, or Irregular. An Example of the Verb Active Regular is, Luꝼıan, to Love.

The Indicative Mood, Present, and Future Tense.

Sing. Ic luꝼıᵹe, I love; þu luꝼaꞅꞇ, -eꞅꞇ, -ꞅꞇ; he luꝼaþ, -eþ, -þ.

Plur. Ƿe luꝼıaþ, we love; ᵹe luꝼıaþ; hı luꝼıaþ.

When the Infinitive ends in an, having a Vowel going before it, then the Plural Endings are in ıaþ; as, hınᵹꞃıaþ, ƿẏꞃıaþ, þolıaþ, &c. But if they end in eon, then the Plural Endings are in eoþ; as, ᵹeꞅeoþ, from ᵹeꞅeon: But if a Consonant go before an, then they end in aþ; as, þẏꞃꞅꞇaþ, we, ye, they thirst. G before an, in the forming of Tenses, is often changed into an h, as from ƿæᵹan, to weigh, ƿæhþ.

The third Person Singular in Moods ending in ðan, and ꞇan, often end in ꞇ; as, ꝼæꝺan, to feed, ꝼeꞇ, he feedeth.

The Persons in the Plural Number often end after the same manner as the first Person Singular, as, hƿæꞇ eꞇe ƿe, what shall we eat, hu ꝼleo ᵹe, how shall ye fly. The same Persons end, as well in en, on, un, as in aþ; as, in ƿıꞇun, ƿıꞇaþ, ye know; nẏꞇon, nuuꞇon, 37 L nẏꞇaþ, ye know not: Sometimes it is read ƿuꞇaꞅ, ƿuꞇoþ, ye know, in the Poets. For the Poets often instead of aþ, use the Termination oþ. The D. S. form this Present Tense, in a much different manner, as, ıc luꝼıᵹa, or, luꝼıᵹo, I love; þu luꝼıᵹeꞅ, or luꝼıᵹaꞅ; he luꝼıᵹa or luꝼıᵹaꞅ, -eꞅ, -ıꞅ; ƿe luꝼıᵹaꞅ, or luꝼıᵹeꞅ; ᵹe luꝼıᵹaꞅ, -eꞅ; hı luꝼıᵹaꞅ, or -eꞅ.

The Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, is form’d by the Auxiliar eom, and the Participle of the Present Tense; as, ıc eom ꞅıꞇꞇenꝺe, I am sitting, instead of I sit. Ð the Asperate in the Termination of the third Person Singular, is often changed into the soft ꞇ, as, aꞃıꞅꞇ, he riseth, for aꞃıꞅeþ.

The Præterimperfect Tense.

Sing. Ic luꝼoꝺe, -eꝺe; þu luꝼoꝺeꞅꞇ; he luꝼoꝺe.

Plur. Ƿe luꝼoꝺon; ᵹe luꝼoꝺon; hı luꝼoꝺon.

Verbs having ꝼ, l, m, n, ꞃ, ꞅ, ꞇ, before the ending of the Infinitive Mood, often contract their Præter­perfect Tenses; as, beꞇẏnan, to shut, beꞇẏnꝺe. The Præter­perfect Tense ƿaꞇ, hath the same Signification of the Present Tense; as, ıc ƿaꞇ, I know; þu ƿaꞇꞅꞇ, thou knowest, qu. ƿaꞇeꞅꞇ; and ƿelꞅꞇ, ƿelꞇꞅꞇ, thou didst command, qu. ƿealꞇeꞅꞇ, ƿealꝺeꞅꞇ, from ƿealꝺan, to govern. The second Person Singular in the Præterimperfect Tense in the D. S. ends in eꞅ; as, ıneaꝺeꞅ, thou wentest in, for ıneoꝺeꞅꞇ.

The Præterimperfect Tense is otherwise form’d, by the Auxiliar ƿæꞅ, and the Participle of the Present Tense; as, ıc ƿæꞅ boꝺıenꝺe, I was preaching, for ıc boꝺoꝺe, I did preach.

The Præterperfect, and Præterplusquamperfect, are formed like the Præterimperfect Tense, as also by the Participle of the Present Tense, and the Auxiliar 38 hæbbe, i.e. have; hæꝼoꝺ, heaꝼoꝺ, had, from hæbben, to have.

The Præterperfect Tense.

Singular.		Plural.
Ic hæbbe luꝼoꝺ, I have loved.		Ƿe hæbbað luꝼoꝺe, we have loved.
Ðu hæbbeꞅꞇ luꝼoꝺ.		Ge hæbbaꝺ luꝼoꝺe.
He hæbbað luꝼoꝺ.		Hı hæbbaþ luꝼoꝺe.

Haꝼa and haue, are used for hæbbe; haꝼaꞅꞇ, hauꞅꞇ, for hæbbeꞅꞇ; haꝼaþ, haueþ, for hæbbaþ; haꝼen, hauen, for hæbbaþ, in the Normanno-Saxon.

The Præterpluperfect Tense.

Singular.		Plural.
Ic hæꝼoꝺ ᵹe heoꞃꝺ, I had heard.		Ƿe hæꝼꝺon ᵹe heoꞃꝺe;
Þu hæꝼoꝺeꞅꞇ ᵹeheoꞃꝺ.		Ge hæꝼꝺon ᵹe heoꞃꝺe.
He hæꝼoꝺ ᵹeheoꞃꝺ.		Hı hæꝼꝺon ᵹe heoꞃꝺe.

Hæꝺꝺon and heaꝼꝺon, are often used instead of hæꝼꝺon: But hæꝼꝺe is instead of hæꝼoꝺe, from which it is contracted.

The Future is form’d like the Present Tense, as above; and also by the Auxiliar ꞅceal and ƿılle, from the words ꞅceolꝺan, to owe, and ƿıllan, to will, in English, shall, and will.

Singular.		Plural.
Ic ꞅceal ꝼæꞅꞇan, I shall fast.		Ƿe ꞅceolon, -un, -an, ꝼæꞅꞇan.
Þu ꞅcealꞇ ꝼæꞅꞇan.		Ge ꞅceolon, -un, -an, ꝼæꞅꞇan.
He ꞅceal ꝼæꞅꞇan.		Hı ꞅceolon, -un, -an, ꝼæꞅꞇan.

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For ꞅceolon is used ꞅculon, and ꞅchullen, N. S. The Auxiliaries ꞅceal and ƿılle, are often read with an Elleipsis, or leaving out of the Principal Verb; as, Ðıꞅ Goꝺꞅpel ꞅceal on Anꝺꞃæaꞅ-mæꞅꞅe ꝺæᵹ, This Gospel shall [be read] on the Feast of St. Andrew; here the words beon ᵹeꞃæꝺen must be understood: Nelle ıc nu næꝼꞃe hıonon, I will never go from hence; the word ꝼaꞃan, to go, is left out.

The Imperative Mood.

Sing. Luꝼa þu, love thou; luꝼıᵹe he, let him love.

Plur. Luꝼıon ƿe; luꝼıᵹe ᵹe; luꝼıon hı.

For luꝼıᵹe ᵹe, we meet with luꝼıaþ, as we do likewise ꝼaꞃaþ ⁊ axıaþ, go and ask, &c. and we read this irregular word ƿuꞃpen, throw it away. The second Plural in the D. S. ends in aꞅ or eꞅ; as, luꝼaꞅ, or luꝼeꞅ ᵹe, love ye; being a‑kin to the first in a, as, ᵹeꞅea, let us see, for ᵹeꞅeon.

The Optative Mood Present Tense.

Singular.		Plural.
Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc nu luꝼıᵹe, I wish I may love.		Eala ᵹıꝼ ƿe nu luꝼıon, -an.
Eala ᵹıꝼ þu nu luꝼıᵹe.		Eala ᵹıꝼ ᵹe nu luꝼıon, -an.
Eala ᵹıꝼ he nu luꝼıᵹe.		Eala ᵹıꝼ hı nu luꝼıon, -an.

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The Præterimperfect, Præterperfect, and Præterpluperfect Tenses.

Singular.		Plural.
Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc nu luꝼoꝺe, I wish I might love.		Eala ᵹıꝼ ƿe nu luꝼoꝺon.
Eala ᵹıꝼ þu nu luꝼoꝺeꞅꞇ.		Eala ᵹıꝼ ᵹe nu luꝼoꝺon.
Eala ᵹıꝼ he nu luꝼoꝺe.		Eala ᵹıꝼ hı nu luꝼoꝺon.

The Future Tense is like the Present, only adding ᵹẏꞇ, as, eala þaꞇ ıc luꝼıᵹe ᵹẏꞇ.

The Subjunctive Mood is form’d after the same manner, only that instead of eala ᵹẏꝼ, it uses þonne, or þaþa, when.

The Subjunctive Mood Present Tense.

Singular.		Plural.
Þonne ıc nu luꝼıᵹe, when I love.		Þonne ƿe nu luꝼıaþ.
Þonne þu nu luꝼaꞅꞇ.		Þonne ᵹe nu luꝼıaþ.
Þonne he nu luꝼaþ.		Þonne hı nu luꝼıaþ.

The Præterimperfect, Præterperfect, and Præterpluperfect Tenses.

Singular.		Plural.
Þonne, or þaþa, ıc luꝼoꝺe.		Þonne ƿe, ᵹe, hı luꝼoꝺon.
Þonne þu luꝼoꝺeꞅꞇ.
Þonne he luꝼoꝺe.

The Future Tense.

Þonne ıc luꝼıᵹe ᵹẏꞇ, &c.

The Potential Mood is two-fold, either Simple, or Compound: Simple, when it is exprest by the Verb alone; 41 for example: Aꞅꞇıᵹe nu oꝼ ꞃoꝺe, ꝥ ƿe Geꞅeon ⁊ Gelẏꝼon, Come down from the Cross, that we may see and believe. The Compound does express the Power, Liberty, Inclination, or Necessity, of doing any thing, by the Aid or Addition of some other word, such as Mæᵹ, Mıhꞇ, Ƿolꝺ, Nolꝺ, Sceolꝺ, Moꞇ, Moꞅꞇ, exprest by our May, Might, &c. Mæᵹ is the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, and Mıhꞇ the Præterimperfect Tense of the Verb Maᵹan, to be able, and is thus form’d.

Singular.		Plural.
Ic mæᵹ.		Ƿe maᵹon, -an, -en, -un.
Þu mæᵹeꞅꞇ.		Ge maᵹon, -an, -en, -un.
He mæᵹ.		Hı maᵹon, -an, -en, -un.
Ic mıhꞇ.		Ƿe mıhꞇon.
Þu mıhꞇeꞅꞇ.		Ge mıhꞇon
He mıhꞇ.		Hı mıhꞇon.

Ƿolꝺ, is the Præterimperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood of the Verb Ƿıllan, to will, and is form’d as Mæg, and Mıhꞇ.

Nolꝺ is a Contraction of ne ƿolꝺ.

Sceolꝺe, is the Præterimperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood of the Verb Sceolꝺan, to owe.

Moꞇ, I am able, or it is lawful for me, is form’d thus.

Sing. Ic moꞇ; þu moꞇeꞅꞇ; he moꞇ.

Plur. Ƿe, ᵹe, hı, moꞇon.

The Reader may observe, that mæᵹ, and moꞇ, make the Present Tense; and mıhꞇ, nolꝺ, ꞅceolꝺ, moꞅꞇ, make the Præterimperfect Tense.

The Infinitive Mood, as before is observ’d, is two-fold, either Primitive or Derivative; Primitive, as, luꝼıan, 42 to love, ꞇæcan, to teach, ᵹeꞅeon, to see; Derivative, which answers to the Gerunds, Supines, and Participles, in the Latin Grammar, as, ꞇo luꝼıenne ꞇo ᵹeꞅeonne: Of which take the Examples following.

First, of Gerunds in	di, Hıꞇ ıꞅ ꞇıma ꞇo ꞃæꝺanne, tempus est legendi, it is the time of reading, or time to read.
	do, Ne elca þu ꞇo ᵹecẏꞃꞃanne ꞇo Goꝺe, ne sis tardus in convertendo ad Deum, be not slow in turning to God.
	dum, Uꞅ ıꞅ ꞇo luꝼıenne, amandum est nobis, we are to love, or we must love.
Secondly, of Supines.	First Supine, Com þu uꞅ ꞇo ꝼoꞃꞅpıllanne, venisti nos perditum, art thou come to destroy us?
	Latter Supine, Hıꞇ ıꞅ eaþelıc ꞇo cƿeþanne, facile est dictu, it is easy to be said.
Thirdly, of Participles of the Future in	rus, Eaꞃꞇ þu ꞅe þe ꞇo cumenne eaꞃꞇ, an tu is qui venturus es, art thou he that is to come?
	dus, Foꞃ þeoꝼ, he bıþ ꞇo pꞃoꝼıanne, oþþe ꞇo ꞅleanne oþþe ꞇo alẏꞅanne, pro fure est accusandus, aut occidendus, aut liberandus, he must be proved a Thief, or slain as a Thief, or set free.

Of Participles.

PArticiples are either of the Present Tense, as luꝼanꝺ, luꝼıenꝺ, loving, or of the Præter­perfect Tense, luꝼaꝺ, luꝼeꝺ, luꝼoꝺ, loved.

43

There are some that do not answer this Rule, such as end in en, as, ᵹebunꝺen, bound, or bounden; oꝼeꞃƿꞃoh, covered; beoꞇ, beat, or beaten; aꝼeꝺ, fed; acƿanc, quenched, as will appear in the more general Collection of Irregular Verbs.

Of the Passive Voice.
Be ÐROǷIGENDUM ǷORDE.

THE Passive Voice is form’d of the Verb Substantive, and the Participle of the Present Tense, as,

Indicative Mood Present Tense.

Ic eom ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, I am loved; þu eaꞃꞇ, &c.

Præterimperfect Tense.

Ic ƿæꞅ ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, I was loved, &c.

In the same manner, is the Præterperfect, and Præterpluperfect form’d.

The Future Tense.

Ic beo ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, or,	I shall, or will be beloved.
Ic ꞅceal beon ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, or,
Ic ƿılle beon ᵹeluꝼoꝺ.

The Imperative Mood.

Sı þu ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, be thou loved; sı he, &c.

The Optative Mood Present Tense.

Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc eom ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, I wish I be loved.

The Præterimperfect Tense.

Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc ƿæꞃe ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, I wish I were loved.

44

So is the Præterperfect and Præterpluperfect Tenses formed.

The Future Tense.

Eala ᵹıꝼ ıc beo ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, O that I may be loved hereafter.

After the same manner is the Subjunctive formed through all Tenses, by adding þonne, as,

Ðonne ıc nu eom ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, when I am loved, &c.

So likewise is the Potential, by the addition of one of these words, mæᵹ, mıhꞇ, moꞇ, moꞅꞇ, ƿolꝺ, ꞅceolꝺ; as,

Ic mæᵹ beon ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, I may be beloved, &c.

The Infinitive Mood is thus formed.

Beon ᵹeluꝼoꝺ, to be loved; ƿeꞅan ꝼulluhꞇoꝺ, to be baptized.

Here may not unfitly be subjoined a Collection of such Verbs, as agree not with the Rules here prescribed.

Irregular Verbs, Unemne Ƿorꝺ.

Acƿencan, to extinguish; acƿencꞇ, acƿanc, acƿınen, quenched, or put out.

Aꝺꞃeoᵹan, to suffer, to lead; aꝺꞃuᵹon, they have suffer’d.

Æꞇhꞃınan, to touch; æꞇhꞃan, he touched.

Aᵹan, to own, or possess; aᵹun, aᵹan, we, ye, have; ahꞇ, we have had; ahꞇon, they have had, or possest.

Ahebban, to lift up; ahoꝼ, he hath lifted up, unless ahoꝼ may be derived from ahaꝼan, to heave up, upahebban is the same.

Ahꞃeoᵹan, to rush; ahꞃeoᵹ, ahꞃuᵹ, he rushed; ahꞃuᵹon, they rushed.

45 M

Aꞃıꞅan, to rise; aꞃaꞅ, he arose, or raised himself.

Aꞅpanan, to entice; aꞅpon, he enticed; aꞅponnen, aꞅpanen, enticed; so ꞅpanıan.

Aþƿean, to wash; aꞅƿoh, he washed; so þƿean.

Aƿınꝺan, to wind; aƿanꝺ, he wound; aƿunꝺen, wound; so ƿınꝺan, to wind up.

Aƿꞃeon, to uncover; aƿꞃoh, he uncovered; so ƿꞃeon, to cover.

Beaꞇan, to beat; beoꞇ, he beat.

Beꝼꞃınan, to enquire; beꝼꞃan, he enquired.

Belᵹan, to be angry; bealh, he was angry; so ᵹebelᵹan, to be angry.

Beoꞃᵹan, to take heed, to have a care; beoꞃh, he took care.

Beƿæcan, to deceive; beƿæhꞇ, he deceived; likewise ƿæcan.

Bıꝺꝺan, to pray; bıꞇ, he prayed; bæꝺ, baꝺ, he prayed, or commanded.

Bıƿınꝺan, to wind up; bıƿanꝺ, he wound up; bıƿunꝺen, wound up.

Bꞃınᵹan, to bring; bꞃohꞇe, he brought.

Bꞃucan, to enjoy; bꞃeac, bꞃæc; he enjoyed.

Buᵹan, bıᵹean, to bow, or bend; beah, bıᵹꝺe, he bowed; beᵹꝺ, beᵹeꝺ; so abuᵹan, ᵹebuᵹan.

Bıcᵹean, to buy; bohꞇe, he bought; so bebıcᵹean, to sell.

Ceoꞅan, to chuse; ceaꞅ, he chose; also ᵹeceoꞅan.

Coman, cuman, cƿıman, to come; com, he came; comon, cumon, they came.

Cunnan, to know; can, I know; cuþe, he knew.

Delꝼan, to dig; ꝺulꝼ, ꝺıelꝼ, ꝺelꝼ, ꝺealꝼ, ꝺalꝼ, he dug; ꝺulꝼen, digged.

Don, to do, or make; ꝺo, I do; ꝺeꞅꞇ, ꝺẏꞅꞇ, thou dost; ꝺeð, ꝺẏð, he doth; ꝺoþ, we, ye, they do; ꝺıꝺ, ꝺıꝺe, ꝺẏꝺe, he did; ꝺo, ꝺon, let him do, let them do.

46

Dꞃeccan, to vex, or grieve; ꝺꞃohꞇ, he vexed; ꝺꞃohꞇon, they vexed.

Dꞃıꝼan, to drive; ꝺꞃaꝼ, he drove; so aꝺꞃıꝼan, be ꝺꞃıꝼan.

Dẏꞃꞃan, to dare; ꝺoꞃꞅꞇe, he dared.

Eꝺlæcan, to repeat, or renew; eꝺlæhꞇ, he repeated; so ᵹe eꝺlæcan, and æꝼenlæcan.

Emƿlaꞇıan, to look about; emƿlaꞇ, he looked about.

Faꞃan, to go; ꝼeꞃꝺe, ꝼoꞃ, he went; ꝼoꞃan, they are gone; so aꝼaꞃan, to go out; ꝼoꞃðꝼaꞃan, to dye.

Feallan to fall; ꝼeoll, he fell.

Fenᵹan, to take, ꝼenᵹ, ꝼoh, he took; also ꝼon, and be ꝼanᵹan, to take.

Feohꞇan, to fight; ꝼeahꞇ, he fought; ꝼuꞇon, they fought.

Fınꝺan, to find; ꝼanꝺ, he found.

Fleon, to fly; ꝼleh, ꝼleoh, fly.

Ganᵹan, or ᵹan, to go; eoꝺe, ᵹeoꝺe, I went, or did go; ᵹa, go thou; ᵹa ᵹe, go ye.

Gebınꝺan, to bind; ᵹebanꝺ, he bound; ᵹebunꝺen, bound; so bınꝺan, to bind.

Gelæcan, to approach, ᵹelıhꞇe, he came near.

Gemeꞇan, to find; ᵹemeꞇꞇe, he found.

Gemunan, to remember; ᵹemune, ᵹemunꝺe, it is remember’d; ᵹemunon, they are remember’d.

Geoꞇan, to pour out; ᵹuꞇ, he poured out; ᵹuꞇan, they poured out.

Geꞅean, ᵹeꞅeon, to see; ᵹeꞅaƿ, ᵹeꞅeah, ᵹeꞅeh, ᵹeꞅeaᵹ, ᵹeꞅaᵹ, he saw; ᵹeꞅeƿen, seen.

Geꞅƿınᵹan, to whip; ᵹeꞅƿanᵹ, he whipped; ᵹeꞅƿunᵹen, whipped.

Geꞇan, to obtain; ᵹeoꞇ, ᵹeoꞇꞇe, he obtained; ᵹeoꞇon, they obtained.

Geƿæccan, ᵹeƿeacan, ᵹeƿæcean, to afflict; ᵹeƿeahꞇe, ᵹeƿæhꞇe, he afflicted.

Gıꝼan, to give; ᵹaꝼ, he gave.

47 M2

Gꞃınꝺan, to grind; ᵹꞃanꝺ, he ground; ᵹꞃunꝺon, they ground.

Hanᵹen, to hang; hoh, he hung; so ahanᵹen, hanged.

Henᵹan, to hang; henᵹ, he hung; henᵹon, they hung.

Healꝺan, to hold; heolꝺ, he held.

Helpan, to help; hulpe, he helped; so ᵹehelpan.

Hlıhan, to laugh; hloh, he laughed.

Hnıᵹan, to stoop, or bow; hnah, hnaᵹ, as, in unꝺeꞃ hnaᵹ, I stooped, or went under.

Hƿeoꞃꝼan, to turn; hƿuꞃꝼ, he turned; hƿuꞃꝼan, they turned; so ahƿeoꞃꝼan.

Iecan, to encrease, or enlarge; ıhꞇ, enlarged.

Lıþan, to fail; lað, he faileth.

Lıxon, to shine; lıxꞇon, they shine; qu. lıxꝺon, lıxoꝺon.

Maᵹan, to be able; mıhꞇ, I had been able.

Nıman, to take; nam, he took; numen, taken; so ᵹenıman.

Oꝼeꞃƿꞃean, to cover; oꝼeꞃƿꞃoh, covered; so ƿꞃeon.

Oꝼꞅlean, to kill; oꝼꞅloh, he killed; also oꝼꞅlæᵹan, or oꝼꞅlaᵹan, makes oꝼꞅloᵹ.

Onᵹınnan, to begin; onᵹan, he began.

Onᵹıꞇan, to understand; onᵹeaꞇ, he understood; onᵹaꞇun, they understood; also ᵹẏꞇan, or ᵹeꞇan, to get, procure, or obtain.

Plæꞇan, to smite; plaꞇ, he smote.

Plıhꞇan, to give his word, or be a surety; plıhꞇ, he gave his word.

Reccan, to tell, to give an account; ꞃohꞇ, he told; ꞃohꞇon, they declared.

Rıꝺan, to ride; ꞃaꝺ, he rode; so likewise on ꞃıꝺan.

Sahꞇlan, to reconcile; ꞅæhꞇ, he reconciled, N. S.

Saƿan, to sow; ꞅeƿ, he sowed; ꞅaƿen, sowed.

Scınan, to shine; ꞅcean, he shined.

Scıppan, to create; ꞅceop, he created; so ᵹeꞅcıppan.

48

Secan, to seek; ꞅohꞇ, he sought; ꞅohꞇon, they sought; so ᵹeꞅæcan.

Secᵹan, ꞅæᵹᵹan, ꞅæcᵹan, to say; ꞅæcᵹꝺe, ꞅæꝺe, he said, qu. from ꞅæcᵹoꝺe; also ƿıðꞅecᵹan, ƿıðꞅaᵹan, to contradict.

Seꞇꞇan, to place; ꞅeoꞇꞇe, ꞅeꞇ, he placed.

Sınᵹan, to sing; ꞅanᵹ, he sung.

Sıꞇꞇan, to sit; ꞅæꞇ, he sate.

Slaᵹan, to kill, or slay; ꞅloh, he killed, qu. ꞅloᵹ, ᵹ being turn’d into h.

Slıꞇan, to slit; ꞅlaꞇ, he did slit.

Spıƿan, to spue, ꞅpaƿ, he spew’d.

Sꞇanꝺan, to stand; ꞅꞇoꝺ, he stood; also ƿıþꞅꞇanꝺan, to withstand.

Sꞇꞃeccan, to stretch; ꞅꞇꞃehꞇ, he stretched; ꞅꞇꞃehꞇon, they stretched.

Sꞇıᵹan, to ascend, ꞅꞇaᵹ, ꞅꞇah, ꞅꞇıh, he ascended; also the Compounds, ᵹeꞅꞇıᵹan, aꞅꞇıᵹan, onꞅꞇıᵹan, nẏþeꞃꞅꞇıᵹan, to descend.

Sƿeꞃıan, to swear; ꞅƿoꞃ, he swore.

Sƿıᵹan, to be silent; ꞅuƿoꝺe, he was silent; ꞅuƿon, they were silent.

Ꞇæꞇan, to teach; ꞇæhꞇ, he taught; ꞇæc, teach.

Ꞇeon, to lead, or to draw; ꞇeh, ꞇuᵹe, he drew; ꞇeo, ꞇeoh, draw; hence tow, a word known amongst Sailors; so aꞇeon.

Ðencan, to think; ðohꞇ, ðohꞇe, he thought; ᵹeþencan.

Ꞇẏþıan, to give; ꞇẏþꝺe, ꞇẏꝺꝺe he gave.

Unnan, to give; uꝺꝺe, he gave.

Ƿacıan, to watch; ƿeahꞇe, watched; so aƿacıan.

Ƿeꝺan, to be mad; ƿeꝺꝺe, he was mad.

Ƿeoꞃcan, ƿoꞃcan, to build; ƿoꞃhꞇe, he built; ꝼoꞃƿẏꞃcan, to undo.

Yꞃnan, aꞃnıan, aꞃnan, to run; aꞃn, he ran; uꞃnon, they ran.

49

Of Adverbs.

ADverb, Ƿoꞃꝺeꞅ ᵹeꝼeꞃa, the Companion of a Verb; because it is always joined with a Verb, and has not its full Signification without it.

There are three things belong to it: First Kind, Hıƿ.	Primitive, Fꞃumcenneꝺ, as, ꝺıᵹellıce, secretly, ᵹelomlıce, often; or,
	Derivative, Oꝼᵹanᵹenꝺe, as, ᵹelomlıcoꞃ, oftner, ᵹelomlıcoꞅꞇ, very often.
Secondly Figure, Geꝼeᵹeꝺnẏꞅꞅ.	Either Single, anꝼealꝺ; or,
	Compound, menıᵹꝼealꝺ.

Thirdly Signification, Geꞇacnunᵹ, and this is divided into several Significations, as,

1. Adverbs of Time, i.e. Ꞇıꝺlıce, or þa ðe ꞇıꝺa ᵹeꞇacnıað, those that signify Time, as, á, áá, ááá, always, or for evermore; ᵹeꝼẏꞃꞃ, heretofore; nıƿan, newly done, or of late; æꞃ, before; on æꞃan ꝺæᵹ, the other day; ᵹẏꞅꞇanꝺæᵹ, yesterday; ꞇo ꝺæᵹ, to day; ꞇo meꞃıᵹen, to morrow; nu, now; æꞇꞅumon cẏꞃꞃe, some time or other, &c.

2. Adverbs of Place, Sꞇoƿlıce, local; hıꝺeꞃ, hither; þıꝺeꞃ, thither; and these are either such as express things in a place, as, heꞃ, here; ðæꞃ, there; hƿæꞃ, where; or from a place, ꝼꞃam ꞅꞇoƿe, as, heonon, hence; þanon, thence; hƿanon, whence.

3. Of denying; or forbidding, ꝼoꞃbeoꝺenꝺlıce, oððe mıꞅꞇıhꞇenꝺlıce; as, nohꞇ, nochꞇ, not; naꞇeꞅƿhon, in no wise, &c.

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4. Some are of Confirmation, ꝼæꞅꞇnıᵹenꝺe, as, ıa ıc ꝺẏꝺe, yes I did; ƿıꞇoꝺlıce, truly; ᵹeƿıꞅlıce, that is to say.

5. Of Swearing, Sƿeꞃıᵹenꝺlıc; ðuꞃh, by; as, ıc ꞅƿeꞃıᵹe ðuꞃh Goꝺ, I swear by God; ðuꞃh mın heaꝼoꝺ, by my Head: And here I cannot help remarking what the pious Ælfric observes on this head, who makes this Observation. Our Saviour has forbid every kind of Oath, and commanded that our Speech shall be thus confirmed; Hıꞇ ıꞅ ꞅƿa, hıꞇ ıꞅ, it is so, it is; i.e. yea, yea; Nıꞅ hıꞇ ꞅƿa, hıꞇ nıꞅ, it is not so, it is not, nay, nay: There are many other Adverbs of Swearing; but why should we say any more, since we may not swear at all.

6. Some are of Exhorting or Encouraging, Ꞇıhꞇenꝺlıce; as, nu la; come on, go to; nu ᵹe la, take courage: This is sometimes exprest by the Imperative Mood; as, ꝺo þu, and ꝺo ᵹe.

7. Some are of Affirming or Asserting, Fæꞅꞇnıᵹenꝺe; as, ꞅoðlıce, truly; ꝼulꞅoð, most truly, or indeed and indeed: This word continues still in use in the word Forsooth, but the Sense is misunderstood: For whereas it is only a Note of Affirmation, it is used as a word of Compli­ment and Respect, which we find exacted with great Niceness from their Children, by the meaner sort in and about the City of London, where they are sure to be taught to say Forsooth Mother, and Forsooth Grandmother, &c.

8. Some are of Doubting, Ꞇƿınıᵹenꝺlıce; as, ƿen, ƿenunᵹe, it may be, probably, &c.

9. Of Quality, ðe ᵹeꞇacnıað hƿılcnẏꞅꞅe, which signifies Quality, or how a thing is done; as, ƿel, well; ẏꝼele, ill; ꝼæᵹeꞃe, fairly; ꞅnoꞇeꞃlıce, wisely; ꞅƿæꞅlıce, properly.

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10. Of Quantity, ða ᵹeꞇacnıað mẏcelnẏꞅꞅe, oððe lẏꞇelnẏꞅꞅe, these denote much, or little; as, mıcel, much; lẏꞇel, little; nahꞇ, nothing.

11. Congregatives or Collectives, Gaꝺꞃıᵹenꝺlıce, these unite, or gather things together; as ꞅamoꝺ, at one; æꞇᵹeꝺeꞃe, together.

12. Discretives, Sẏnꝺꞃıᵹenꝺlıce; onꞅunꝺꞃon, apart, separately; ꝺıᵹellıce, secretly.

13. Of Likeness, Gelıcnẏꞅꞅe; as, ꞅƿaꞅƿa, even so; eal ꞅƿa and eac ꞅƿılce, in like manner; enꝺemeꞅ, the same.

14. Of Intention or Eagerness; ᵹeoꞃnꝼullıce, eagerly, or earnestly; ꞅƿıðe, very much; ðeaꞃle, over much; mıcclum, much.

15. Of Remission, Slacıᵹenꝺlıce, when the Sense is slacken’d; as, lẏꞇlum, by little and little; ꞅꞇunꝺmælum, by degrees; ꞅoꝼꞇe, easily, softly; hƿæꞇ huᵹu, hƿæꞇ hƿæᵹanunᵹeꞅ, moderately.

16. Of Order, Enꝺebẏꞃꝺlıce; as, þæꞃ-ꞃıhꞇe, immediately; ꞅıððan, since, or after­wards; nexꞇan, next, or at length; hƿẏꞃꝼꞇum, by turns.

17. Of Wishing, Geƿıꞅcenꝺlıce; as, eala ᵹıꝼ, O that.

18. Comparatives, Ƿıðmeꞇenꝺlıce; as, ꞅƿıðoꞃ, rather, or more; hƿonlıcoꞃ, less; beꞇ, better; ƿẏꞃꞅ, worse.

19. Superlatives, Oꝼeꞃꞅꞇıᵹenꝺlıce; as, ꞅƿẏðoꞅꞇ, most of all; hƿonlıcoꞅꞇ, least; hꞃæꝺlıcoꞅꞇ, soonest.

20. Diminutives, Ƿanıᵹenꝺelıce; as, ꝺıᵹellıce, secretly; hƿonlıcoꞃ ꝺıᵹellıce, a little more secretly.

21. Demonstratives, Æꞇeoƿıᵹenꝺlıce; as, eꝼne, lo; loca nu heꞃ, behold.

22. Interrogatives, Axıᵹenꝺlıce; hƿı, why? ꝼoꞃ hƿı, wherefore?

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23. Relatives, Eꝺleꞅenꝺlıce; as, þa þa, ıc ƿæꞅ ᵹeonᵹ, when I was young.

24. Numerals, þa ðe ᵹeꞇacnıaꝺ ᵹeꞇel, those that signify Number; as, ænne, once; ꞇuƿa, twice; ðꞃıƿa, thrice, &c.

Of Conjunctions, Be GEÐEODNẎSSE.

COpulatives, Geþeoꝺenꝺlıce; anꝺ, onꝺ, [enꝺe, D. S.] and eac, ac, [oc, D. S.] and.

Disjunctives, Aꞅcẏꞃıᵹenꝺlıce; oþþe, or; ne ne, neither; ꞅƿa ꞅƿa, as, &c.

Discretives, Sẏnꝺꞃıᵹenꝺlıce; ac, but; ꞅoðlıce, but; ƿıꞇoꝺlıce, for, &c.

Causals, ꝼoꞃ ꞅuman ınꞇınᵹan, words spoken for some cause; ðẏ, because; ꝥ that; ꝼoꞃðam, because; ꝼoꞃðan ðe, ꝼoꞃðı, because.

Exceptives, buꞇon, buꞇan, [buꞇa, D. S.] nẏmþe, nemne, unless; huꞃu þınᵹa, only.

Interrogatives, Axıᵹenꝺlıce; la, is it so? hƿı, hƿẏ, why? hunu, is it not?

Adversatives, Ƿẏþeꞃꞃeꝺlıce; þeah, altho’; þeah þe, altho’; æᵹðeꞃ ᵹe, either this or that; hƿæꝺeꞃ, hƿæþeꞃ, hƿæþeꞃe, nevertheless.

Illatives, or that infer the Reason of Things, ᵹeꞅceaꝺlıce; as, ꝼoꞃþı, therefore; aþẏ, the same.

Of Præpositions, Be FORESETNẎSSE.

PRæpositions may be consider’d either in Construction, or Composition.

In Construction they may be consider’d either as governing an Accusative Case, or an Ablative.

53 N

Præpositions governing an Accusative Case.

Aᵹen, or aᵹean, against.		Aᵹen Manneꞅ Sunu, against the Son of Man.
Onᵹean.		Onᵹean Galıleam, over against Galilee.
Ꞇoᵹeaneꞅ.		Ꞇoᵹeaneꞅ hıne, against him.
Ꞇeh.		Ꞇeh hıne þa ꝼeꞃꝺon, then they came against him.
Onꞇeonan.		Anꝺ me onꞇeonan æꞇe, and against my will didst eat.
Ƿıð.		Þe ƿıð uꞅ aᵹẏlꞇað, that trespass against us.

• Be, in, to
• beᵹeonꝺ, beᵹeonꝺan, beyond
• beꝼoꞃan, before
• buꞇan, buꞇon, beside, or except
• beꞇƿẏx, beꞇƿıh, beꞇƿeox, beꞇƿox, beꞇƿux, between
• bı, bẏᵹ, near
• emb, embe, about, above, or over
• eond, beyond
• ꝼoꞃ, for, or instead of.

Here I cannot forbear giving you a particular Instance, it being so highly valuable, and remarkable for the Matter it contains.

* Cꞃıꞅꞇ ƿæꞅ PRESBẎꞆER.	Christ was a Priest,
Þa þa he nam hlaꝼ,	When he took the Loaf,
Anꝺ heolꝺ beꞇƿux hıꞅ Hanꝺum,	And held betwixt his Hands,
Anꝺ þone Calıc eac ꞅƿa,	And the Chalıce also,
Anꝺ ꞇo Heoꝼonum beꞅeah,	And to Heaven look’d up,
Anꝺ ꞇo hıꞅ Fæꝺeꞃ clẏpoꝺe,	And to his Father call’d,
Anꝺ þancıenꝺe,	And with giving Thanks,
Bleꞇꞅoꝺe ꞇo HUSLE†,	Blest it to Sacrifice,
54 Anꝺ ꞅẏððan hıꞇ hıꞅ Dıꞅcıpulum,	And then to his Disciples,
Sealꝺe ꞇo þıcᵹanne,	Gave it, that they might eat,
FOR HIS SẎLFES LICHAMAN,	Instead of his Body,
AND FOR HIS AGEN BLOD.	And For his own Blood.

• Gemanᵹ, among
• ᵹeonꝺ, ᵹeonꝺan, ᵹonꝺ, beyond
• ınnan, within
• mıꝺ, between, or with
• neah, neh, near
• oꝼeꞃ, above, over
• on, in, and to
• onꝺlonᵹ, near, or hard by
• oþ, until
• ꞅıððan, ꞅıððon, since
• þuꞃh, by
• unꝺeꞃ, under
• uppan, upon
• uꞇan, about
• ƿıð, near, or against
• ƿıðæꝼꞇan, after, or behind
• ƿıðᵹeonꝺan, about
• ƿıðuꞇan, without
• ẏmb, ẏmbe, about, above.

Præpositions governing the Ablative Case.

• Abuꞇan, abuꞇon, about
• æꝼꞇeꞃ, after, for
• æꞃ, before
• æꞇ, at, to, from, under, for
• æꞇꝼoꞃan, before
• amanᵹ, among
• an, in, for, on
• bæꝼꞇan, be-æꝼꞇan, behind
• be, in, of, from
• beꝼoꞃan, before
• beheonan, on this side
• beꞇƿeonan, beꞇƿıh, bıꞇƿınan, beꞇƿux, with, between
• bınnan, bınnon, within
• buꝼan, buꝼon, above, upon
• buꞇa, buꞇan, buꞇe, buꞇon, without
• ꝼeoꞃ, far off
• ꝼoꞃ, for, before
• ꝼoꞃan ꞇo, before
• ꝼꞃa, from
• ꝼꞃam, of, from
• ᵹehenꝺ, near, at hand
• ᵹemanᵹ, among
• ınnan, ınnon, in, within
• ınꞇo, into, to
• mıꝺ, mıð, with
• oꝼeꞃ, with, above, upon
• onmıꝺꝺan, between
• on, in
• onꝼoꞃan, before
• onᵹean, onᵹen, against
• onınnan, within
• oꞃmanᵹ, among
• oð, until
• ꞇıl, to
• ꞇo, to, unless it may be thought rather to be a Particle belonging to the Dative Case
• ꞇoꝼoꞃan, before
• ꞇoᵹeaneꞅ, against
• ꞇomıꝺꝺeꞅ, between
• ꞇoƿeaꞃꝺ, towards
• 55 N2 unꝺeꞃ, under;
• unꝼeoꞃ, near
• up, uppan, uppe, above
• ƿıð, for, with, behind, against.

Several of these Præpositions govern both Cases, which will appear by comparing the foregoing Scheme.

A Collection of Præpositions used in Composition.

Those which are seldom met with but in Composition are noted with an Asterisk.

• * A, which answers to re in Latin, or un in English, by way of Negative, as, aƿꞃeon, revelare, to reveal, or uncover, from ƿꞃeon, velare, to vail, or cover.
• * Æ is also a Negative, as, æ-melle, insipid;
• æꝼen, even, alike, as, æꝼen-þeoƿ, a fellow Servant;
• æꝼꞇeꞃ, after, as, æꝼꞇeꞃ-boꞃen, posthumus, a Child born after his Father’s Death;
• æꞃ, before, as, æꞃ-ᵹenemneꝺ, before-named;
• æꞇ, signifies from or at, as, æꞇ-bꞃeꝺan, to take from, or to take away; æꞇ-ꞅꞇanꝺan, to stand to a thing, or be present at it;
• aᵹen, against, or again, as, aᵹen-ꞅꞇanꝺan, to stand against, or oppose; aᵹen-hƿẏꞃꝼan, to return again.
• * Anꝺ, for or against, as, anꝺ-ƿeaꞃꝺ, before or present; anꝺ-ꞅacan, (anꝺ-ꞅaᵹan,) to deny; anꝺ-þƿẏꞃıan, to thwart, or stand against; anꝺ-ƿẏꞃꝺ, an answer; anꝺ-hꞃeoꞅan, to rush against: To which add anꝺ-ꞅƿaꞃıan, to answer;
• beꞇƿux, between, as, beꞇƿux-cuman, to come between;
• be is sometimes a mere addition, sometimes it signifies the same as bı, bıᵹ, bẏᵹ, about, as, beꝼaꞃan, to go round.
• * Eꝺ, again, or anew, as, eꝺꞅceaꝼꞇ, Regeneration.
• Eꝼen, with, even, equal, as, eꝼen-bıꞅcop, Co-episcopus eꝼen-þeoƿa, a fellow Servant;
• eꝼꞇ, again, as, eꝼꞇ-cẏꞃꞃan, to return again;
• em, equal, as, emnıhꞇ, eguinox
• emb, about, as, embhƿẏꞃꝼꞇ, the Circuit.
• * Emn, equal, as, emn-ꞅcoleꞃe, School-fellow;
  em and emn, seem to be deriv’d from embe, or æꝼen
• ꝼoꞃ, 56 wickedly, as from lıᵹᵹan, to lie down, ꝼoꞃlıᵹᵹan
• ꝼoꞃe, before, as, ꝼoꞃe-æꞇẏƿıan, to foreshew.
• * Full, very much, as, ꝼull æþel, very noble.
• * Ge sometimes signifies with, as, ᵹebeoꞃ, one that sits at meat with you; ᵹecluꞇoꝺ, patched, or clouted; ᵹeꝼæꝺeꞃ, a Godfather; ᵹemeꝺeꞃ, a Godmother; ᵹeƿıꞇa, conscious; sometimes Ge is a mere addition.
• Geon, against, as, ᵹeon-beꞃan, to bear against;
• ᵹeonꝺ, through, as, ᵹeonꝺ-ꝼaꞃan, to pass through;
• mıꝺ, with, as, mıꝺ þolıan, to suffer with; mıꝺ ƿununᵹe, living with, or fellowship:
  These kinds of words are to be distinguish’d from those words compounded with mıꝺ, for mıꝺꝺel, middle, or between; such as Mıꝺƿınꞇeꞃ, Midwinter, Christmass.
• * Mıꞅ, the same, as the Negative in, in Latin, as, mıꞅhẏꞃan, to misobey, not to obey;
• oꝼ, of, or from, as, oꝼceoꞃꝼan, to cut off;
• oꝼeꞃ, over, as, oꝼeꞃ ꝼlean, to fly over;
• on, un, as, onᵹeƿıꞅꞅe, uncertain;
• onᵹean, again, as, onᵹean bꞃınᵹan, to bring again.
• * Oꞃ, un, by way of privation, as, oꞃƿıꞇe, without Punishment;
• oþ, from; as, oþ ƿenꝺan, to turn from.
• * Samoꝺ, with, or together, as, ꞅamoꝺ-cẏman, to come together;
• ꞇo, too, or overmuch; as, ꞇo-an-ƿıllıce, too obstinate;
  ꞇobæꞃan, to bring to. It is a mere addition, like a, or ᵹe
• ꞇoꝼoꞃan, before, as, ꞇoꝼoꞃan beon, to be before;
• ðuꞃh, through, as, ðuꞃh-beoꞃhꞇ, transparent;
• un, un, by way of privation, as, unacenneꝺ, unborn;
• up, uppe, up, above, upper, as, up-ꝼleꞃınᵹ, the upper Floor;
• ƿıð, with, or against, as, ƿıð-ꞅꞇanꝺan, to withstand;
• ƿıðeꞃ, against, as, ƿıðeꞃꞅecᵹan, to contradict, or withsay;
• ẏmb, about, as, ẏmbhƿẏꞃꝼan, to go round, or encompass.

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Of Interjections.

INterjections, Beꞇƿux aleᵹeꝺnẏꞅꞅ; are either Interjections which signify Sorrow, þæꞅ moꝺeꞅ ꞅaꞃnẏꞅꞅe, the Grief of the Mind, as, ƿa ıꞅ me, woe is me; ƿa hım, alas for him; ƿelaƿa, well away; hıᵹla; thus the French helas, eala, alas; or,

Of Rejoicing, or being merry, as, hlıchenꝺe, laughing, as, ha ha, he he, ƿel me, as they say in the North to this Day, weles mothe, that is, well is me of thee.

Of Calling, as, eala, æla, æala, hola, O la la, come hither; la is both prefixed and affixed to Interro­gations.

Of Wishing, Geƿıꞅcenꝺlıce, as, eala ᵹıꝼ, O that; ƿa la, I wish.

Of Exhorting, Ꞇıhꞇenꝺlıce, as, ƿella, uꞇe, go to; uꞇon, go ye.

Of Admiring, Ƿunꝺꞃıᵹenꝺe, as, eala hu, O how.

Of Shewing, Æꞇeoƿıᵹenꝺe, as, heonu, eꝼne, see, behold! loca nu, see here!

Of Praising, Loꝼıᵹenꝺe, as, eala eala, very good, very well! ꞅelþe, the same!

Of Syntax.

Of the Construction and Ordering of Nouns and Verbs, Be ǷORDA ⁊ NAMENA Geꝼeᵹeꝺnẏꞅꞅe ⁊ Geenꝺebẏꞃꝺnẏꞅꞅe.

HAving spoken of Nouns and Verbs, and the other Parts of Speech, singly consider’d, we are now to 58 take notice of them as they are joined together to make up Sentences in Discourse: And, as in the Grammars of other Languages we find three noted Rules of Agreement, called, The three Concords, so these likewise are first to be observed in the Grammars of the Saxon Tongue.

The first is between the Nominative Case, and the Verb, which must always agree in the same Number, and the same Person. If the Nominative Case be in the Singular Number, and first Person, the Verb that is join’d with it, must accord with it in the same Number and Person, as, ıc ꝼullıᵹe eoƿ on Ƿæꞇeꞃe, I baptize you with Water: If in the second, so likewise, as, þu eaꞃꞇ mın ᵹeluꝼoꝺa Sunu, thou art my beloved Son: If in the third, in the same manner, as, he eoƿ ꝼullaþ on Halᵹum Gaꞅꞇe, he will baptize you with the Holy Ghost: If in the Plural Number, the same Method must be observed through all Persons, as, ƿe, ᵹe, hı ƿunꝺꞃoꝺon, we, ye, they wondred.

The second Rule of Agreement is that which concerns Nouns Substantives, and Nouns Adjectives. As the Rule touching the Nominative Case, and the Verb, required an Agreement between them in Number and Person, so here the Substantive and the Adjective, must not only agree in Number, but they must accord in Gender, or Sex, and in Case, or Termination: For the Adjective being a proper Attendant upon the Substantive, it hath been thought decent that it should not only be of the same Sex, that is, a Male to wait upon a Male, and a Female upon a Female, but likewise to appear in a Dress, or Habit, by which it may easily be discern’d to which Sex they belong. The first of these Answers, the Grammatical Term of Gender, the other, of Case: And by this it may be understood what is 59 meant, when it is said, that the Substantive, and the Adjective ought to agree, in Number, Gender, and Case: As for example, in the Masculine, the Accusative Case Singular Number, Dumbne Gaꞅꞇ hæbbenꝺe, having a dumb Spirit: In the Feminine Ablative Case Singular Number, as, oꝼ Ealꞃe þınꞃe Heoꞃꞇan, and oꝼ Ealꞃe þınꞃe Saƿle, with all thy Heart, and with all thy Soul. The Neuter Gender, or that which is indifferent to either Sex, has its proper Terminations, as also its Adjectives, by which they shew their Relation to it. Participles observe the same Rule in agreeing with Substantives.

The third Rule of Concordance, is that which touches the Agreement of an Antecedent Noun, with its Relative Pronoun: For to avoid the tediousness of repeating the same word, or thing, the use of Pronouns was first invented; and this Agreement must not only be in Number, and in Sex, I might also say, in Case, but in Person too, as, Ƿa eoƿ Boceꞃaꞅ anꝺ Phaꞃıꞅeı Lıceꞇeꞃaꞅ, ꝼoꞃþam ᵹe ꞅẏnꞇ ᵹelıce hƿıꞇum Bẏꞃᵹenum, Woe be to you Scribes and Pharisees Hypocrites, for ye are like whited Sepulchres; Anꝺ ꞅe þe ꞅƿeꞃeþ on Ꞇemple, he ꞅƿeꞃeþ on hım, anꝺ on þam þe hım on eaꞃꝺıᵹaþ, He that sweareth by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth in it.

When two Substantives come together, which signify different things, the latter shall be the Genitive Case, as, þæꞅ Hælenꝺeꞅ Lıchaman, the Body of Jesus; Goꝺeꞅ Rıceꞅ Goꝺꞅpel, the Gospel of God’s Kingdom. Sometimes the latter Substantive is a Dative Case, instead of a Genitive, as, ƿe habbaþ Abꞃaham uꞅ ꞇo Fæꝺeꞃ, we have Abraham to our Father.

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But Substantives are sometimes put in the same Case by apposition, as, Caıuꞅ Iulıuꞅ Romana Caꞅeꞃe, Ælꝼꞃeꝺ Cẏnınᵹ, Rome buꞃh.

The Genitive Case is sometimes put alone, the former Substantive being understood by an Ellepsis, as, he ᵹeꞅeah Iacobum Zebeꝺeı, where Sunu is left out by an Ellipsis.

The Praise and Dispraise of a thing, is exprest by the Genitive Case, as, þa ƿæꞃon hƿıꞇeꞅ lıchaman, ⁊ ꝼæᵹeꞃeꞅ anꝺƿlıꞇan Men, they were of white Complexion, and Men of fair Countenance.

Ðeaꞃꝼ, which answers to the Latin word opus, will have a Dative, or an Ablative Case, as, þeaꞃꝼ ıꞅ þæꞃe boꞇe, there is need of Repentance, or making amends: But sometimes it is used as an Adjective, to signify what is necessary, as, mıcel ıꞅ nẏꝺ þeaꞃꝼ Manna ᵹehƿılcum, it is very necessary for every Man; ac ƿuꞇon ꝺon ꞅƿa uꞅ þeaꞃꝼ ıꞅ, but let us do as it is necessary for us.

Of the Construction of Adjectives.

Adjectives governing a Genitive Case.

1. OF Comparison, as, Manna æꞃeꞅꞇ, the first of Men.

2. That signify Fullness, as, ꝼulle ꝺeaꝺꞃa bana, full of dead Mens Bones. These also have an Ablative Case, as, ꝼulle lıceꞇunᵹe ⁊ unꞃıhꞇƿıꞅnẏꞅꞅe, full of Deceit and Unrighteousness.

61 O

Adjectives that govern a Dative Case.

1. Such as signify Obedience or Disobedience, as, oððe he bıꝺ anum ᵹehẏꞃꞅum, ⁊ oðꞃum unᵹehẏꞃꞅum, or he will obey the one, and disobey the other.

2. Of Likeness or Unlikeness, as, heo ıꞅ ᵹelıc ꞅıꞇꞇenꝺum Cnapan on ꝼoꞃeꞇıᵹe, it is like to Children sitting in the Market-place.

3. That signify, Care or Desire, as, ꝥ ᵹe ne ꞅẏn ẏmbhẏꝺıᵹe, eoƿꞃe ꞅaƿle hƿæꞇ ᵹe eꞇon, ne eoƿꞃum lıchaman, mıꝺ hƿam ᵹe ꞅẏn ẏmbꞅcꞃẏꝺꝺe, be not careful for your Life, what ye shall eat, nor for your Bodies, what ye shall put on.

Adjectives that govern the Ablative Case.

1. That signify Worth, as, ꝺoð meꝺemne ƿæꞅꞇm þæꞃe ꝺæꝺboꞇe, bring forth fruits worthy of Repentance.

2. That signify Fullness, as, ꝼulle ealꞃe ꝼẏlðe, full of all filth.

3. That signify Guilt, as, ꝺome ꞅcẏlꝺıᵹ, guilty of Judgment; ᵹeþeahꞇe ꞅcẏlꝺıᵹ, in danger of the Council, or guilty before it.

The Interrogative, and that which answers to it, shall be in the same Case, as, hƿæꞅ ıꞅ þeoꞅ anlıcnẏꞅ ⁊ þıꞅ ᵹeƿꞃıꞇ? whose is this Image and Inscription? hı cƿeꝺon þæꞅ Caꞅeꞃeꞅ, they answered Cæsar’s.

Of the Construction of Verbs.

VErbs Substantives, and Verbs Passive, which signify Calling or Naming, will have a Nominative Case after them, as well as before them, as, ıc eom æꞃıꞅꞇ ⁊ lıꝼ, 62 I am the Resurrection and the Life; ꞅe hælenꝺ þe ıꞅ ᵹenemneꝺ Cꞃıꞅꞇ, Jesus which is called Christ.

Verbs that govern a Dative Case are such as Signify,

Commanding, as, ƿealꝺan, to command.

Ealꝺoꞃ Men ƿealꝺað hıꞃa ðeoꝺa, Princes govern their People.

In most of these Instances there is an Ellipsis of some word left out, as in words of

		Words left out, and to be understood.
Suffering, as, þolıan, to suffer.	Þolıᵹe hıꞅ hẏꝺeꞅ, let his hide suffer; ðolıᵹe hıꞅ ꝼꞃeoꞇeꞅ, let him lose his freedom.	As, Ƿıꞇe, Punishment.
Helping, as, helpan, to help.	Goꝺ Ælmıhꞇıᵹ helpe uꞃe, God Almighty be our help.	Unꞇꞃumnẏꞅꞅe, Weakness.
Tasting, as, onbıꞇan, to taste.	Nænıᵹ Man naneꞅ meꞇeꞅ onbıꞇe, let no Man taste any meat; Ƿıneꞅ onbẏꞃꝺe, he tasted Wine.	Dæl, part, some, portion.
Praying or Asking, as, bıꝺꝺan, to ask, or desire.	Gıꝼ he bıꞇ ꝼıꞅceꞅ, if he ask a Fish.	Gıꝼe, the gift.

Compassionating, as, ᵹemılꞇꞅıan, to have mercy on.

Uꞃe ᵹemılꞇꞅoꝺ, having compassion for us. These sometimes have a Dative Case.

63 O2 Giving or Granting, as ꞇıþıᵹean, to grant or bestow.	Fulluhꞇeꞅ ꞇıþıᵹe, let him give Baptism.	Geꞃẏne, the Sacrament.
Of Touching, æꞇhꞃẏnan.	Ne æꞇhꞃan þu mın, touch me not.	Lıce, Body.

Of Meditating or Consulting, cepan, to intend.

He ꝼleameꞅ cepꞇ, he took care for, or provided for his flight.

Of Denying, æꞇꞅacan, to deny.

þa æꞇꞅacað þæꞅ æꞃıꞅꞇeꞅ, who deny the Resurrection.

Laꞃe or ᵹeleaꝼan, the Doctrine or Belief.

Where there is no Ellipsis, these Words are for the most part Transitives, and govern an Accusative Case.

Verbs that govern a Dative Case.

1. Verbs put Acquisitively, as,		Gıꝼ hƿa hım ꞃıhꞇeꞅ bıꝺꝺe, if any one desire Justice, or Right to be done to him.
2. Verbs of Commanding or Obeying, as,		Þa beaꝺ he þam unclenan Gaꞅꞇe, then gave he his command to the unclean Spirit; Ƿınꝺaꞅ anꝺ Sæ hım hẏꞃꞅumıað, the Winds and Sea are obedient to him.

3. Verbs of Giving, ministring, restoring, serving, chiding, forbidding, favouring, declaring, answering, lending, trusting, judging, thanksgiving, tempting, hurting, &c. also the words ꝼılıan, and ꝼılıᵹean, as, Peꞇꞃuꞅ ꝼılıᵹꝺe þam hælenꝺe, Peter followed our Saviour.

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Verbs that govern an Accusative Case.

Verbs Transitives, which are known when the Action passes, or is transfer’d from the Doer, upon some Person or Thing that receives that Action, as when I say, I honour my Parents, the Action of shewing Honour or Respect, passes from me to my Parents, whom I desire to receive that Honour and Respect, as has been observed: Some Verbs govern two Accusative Cases, of the Person, and of the Thing; Geꝺo hıne ꞃıhꞇeꞅ ƿẏꞃþe, let him have the Honour done him of what is right. There are many reciprocal Speeches in the Saxon Tongue; as, hıᵹ æꞇeoƿꝺon hıᵹ maneᵹum, they shew’d themselves to many; Cꞃıꞅꞇ hıne ᵹeꞃeꞅꞇ, Christ rested himself.

The Ablative Case is sometimes put absolutely, as; ᵹebıᵹeꝺum cneoƿum hım ꞇo cƿæð, upon his bended Knees he said to him; ꞅeoꝼon ꞅıþon, seven times. And sometimes the Genitive Case after the manner of the Greeks, as, ꞅona þæꞅ Ƿınꞇꞃeꞅ, early this Winter, suppose or understand anƿeaꞃꝺeꞅ, ἱσταμένου, vel ἀρχομένου χειμῶνος.

The Infinitive Mood will have an Accusative Case before it, as, ꞅƿa ᵹe ᵹeꞅeoð me habban, as ye see me to have; ða ꞅecᵹað hıne lıbban, they say that he is alive.

Note, That the Construction of Gerunds and Supines in the Latin, is perform’d in the Saxon by the Infinitive Mood.

Note also, That the Construction of the other Parts of Speech, viz. Adverb, Conjunction, Præposition, Interjection, hath been already accounted for, where we had occasion to speak concerning each of them.

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Of the Dialects.

DR. Hickes and Mr. Thwaites have spoken very largely on this Subject, to whom I must refer my Readers for a more ample Account. I shall only beg leave to observe by the way, that before the distinction of Dano-Saxon, and Normanno-Saxon, there were doubtless several Dialects, or Proprieties of Speech introduced by those several Nations, of the Saxons, Angli, and Jutæ, or Geatæ, who took Possession of the Island, and of those other Colonies that were called out of Germany; which yet for the Space of four or five hundred Years, differ’d not so much amongst themselves, as not to be easily understood by one another. The Poets also had their peculiar Dialect, and set of Poetical Words and Phrases, the Danes, as well as the Saxons: And here I chuse to bring in the mutual Variation and Transposition of the Vowels and Consonants, which is placed at the beginning of Dr. Hickes’s Grammar, but could not so conveniently be placed at the beginning of this.

a, ae; ae, ea; ae, oe; ae, ẏ; e, ae; e, ı, ẏ; u, e; ẏ, u.

The wonderful Variety of changing the Vowels for one another, may be seen in this one word mæneᵹeo, signifying a Multitude, as, mæneᵹeo, mæneᵹo, mænıᵹeo, mænıᵹo, mænıᵹu, mænıo, mænıu, mænẏᵹeo, maneᵹeo, maneᵹu, manıᵹe, manıᵹo, meneᵹeo, meneᵹo, meneᵹu, menıᵹeo, menıᵹo, menıᵹu, menıo, menıu; twenty different ways.

The Saxon Points are thus marked, a Comma, or short Pause thus ( . ) a Period, or full Stop thus () or () an Interro­gation, thus ().

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Of the Saxon Poetry.

THE Saxon Poems are either such as are made up of words purely Saxon, or such as have some mixture of the Danish, and are called Dano-Saxon. The pure Saxon Verses are known by that Exactness of Grammatical Construction, which is to be observed in them; and from their Purity, in rarely admitting those forreign words with which the Cimbrick, Saxon, Dano-Saxon, and Francick Poets fill their Poems: Of which kind of words, a large account may be had in Dr. Hickes’s Thesaurus Ling. Vet. Septen. and in the Epitome of it by Mr. Thwaites, so that I need only to give you a short Specimen of them here.

Balo.	Evil.
Beaꝺu-ꞃınc.	A cruel Man.
Beoꞃn.	A Man, a noble Man.
Bꞃeᵹo.	A General, or a King.
Coꞃðꞃe.	A Multitude.
Doᵹoꞃ.	A Day.
Eaꝼoꞃa.	Children, or Offspring.
Eᵹoꞃ.	The Sea.
Feoꞃh, ꝼeꞃhð.	The Soul.
Fıꞃaꞅ.	Men, Rulers.
Folꝺ.	The Earth.
Fꞃea.	A Lord.
Goꝺ-ƿeb.	Purple.
Gum-ꞃınc.	A Soldier.
Haꝺꞃe, haꝺꞃo.	Serene, clear.
Hæle, hæleð.	A Hero.
Heaþo.	High, the top.
Hılꝺ.	War, a Fight.
67 Hꞃuꞅa.	A Rock.
Laᵹo.	The Sea.
Lıꞅꞇ.	Knowledge, Skill.
Lıð, lıþa.	A Ship.
Lıxan.	To shine, to give light.
Maᵹo, Maᵹo-ꞃınc.	A Kinsman.
Meca.	A Sword.
Meꞇoꝺ.	God, the Creator.
Molꝺ.	The Ground, or the Earth.
Roꝺoꞃ.	The Firmament.
Seꝼa.	The Mind.
Sıᵹoꞃ.	Victory.
Sınc.	A Collection of Things.
Sunꝺ, ꞅunð.	The Sea, hence the Baltick Sound.
Ðꞃaᵹo.	Lasting.
Ꞇoꞃhꞇ.	Illustrious, famous.
Ꞇẏꞃ.	A Lord, Empire.
Uꞅꞅeꞃ, uꞅꞅıch.	Us, we.
Ƿeꞃoꝺ, ƿeoꞃoꝺ.	An Army.

As well in the Pure Saxon, as in the Dano-Saxon, there are certain Words, which denoting some particular State or Condition of Men, are set loose to signify Man in general, as,

Æþelınᵹ.	Noble.
Beaꞃn.	A Child.
Beoꞃn.	A Nobleman.
Ealꝺoꞃ.	An Elder, a Captain.
Eoꝼoꞃa.	Children.
Eoꞃle.	An Earl.
Geꝼeꞃa, ᵹeꞅıþ.	A Companion.
Geꞃeꝼa.	A Sheriff, or Ruler.
Leoꝺ, leoꝺa.	One of the same Countrey.
68 Scealc, ꞅcalc.	A Servant.
Þeᵹen.	A Thain.
Ƿıᵹa, ƿıᵹenꝺ.	Leader.
Ƿıne.	A Friend.

Nouns of Multitude are used by the Poets to signify Men, or Mankind, as, Leoꝺ, Leoꝺa, a Nation, People; Ƿeꞃoꝺ, an Army; Folc, Folce, People; Eoꞃlaꞅ & Ceoꞃlaꞅ, noble and ignoble; Ƿeꞃaꞅ & Ƿıꝼ, Men and Women.

The Saxon Verses consist of three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more Syllables, but for the most part of four or five Syllables, with which the Poets now and then intersperse Verses of fewer or more Syllables, as their fancy directs, without any seeming Exactness of Order or Regularity. Verses of four and five Syllables are most current, where the Warmth of the Poet hastens as it were, and precipitates the Vigour of his Stile.

As to the Quantity of Syllables, which are not visibly long by Position (as the Grammarians speak) it must be confest, that in a Language which has been so long disused, and the true Pronunciation whereof is uncertain to us, it can not be so easy to declare what Syllables are naturally long or short: it must be a good Ear, and a particular Genius, that can be able to judge well on this Subject. It is certain the Saxon Poets indulge themselves in a large Variety of Poetical Numbers, in which, perhaps, they were not exceeded even by the Scaldri, who, as Wormius reports, had cxxxvi several kinds of Verses, in which they took a liberty of using many bold Figures, and frequent transposition of words. Sometimes they use a kind of Rhime and Verses ending alike, as,

Sometimes they pleas’d themselves with Words beginning alike, as, Feoh ⁊ Fuᵹlaꞅ; Laðꞃa lınꝺ. Now and then they made their Verses with Words sounding alike, as, ƿıꝺe ⁊ ꞅıꝺe; ᵹleam ⁊ ꝺꞃeam. The Adonick Verse was not unknown to them, as, Roꝺeꞃa ƿalꝺenꝺ; and except the Hexameter and Pentameter Verses, there is perhaps no kind of Metre to be met with in the Greeks and Latins, which a Man of Curiosity and Sagacity might not discover in the Northern Poets.

Of Accent.

THE Tone, or Accent, which the Saxons made use of, is said to have been the Acute only, and it was chiefly made use of to distinguish Words of a doubtful meaning, as, Góꝺ, good, Mán, evil, to distinguith them from God and Man. To what other Purposes they served is not easily to be discerned from our printed Books, in which they seldom appear, tho’ nothing is more frequent in the Manuscripts, especially over words of one Syllable, and in words of more Syllables over that Vowel, or Syllable, upon which a greater Strength and Emphasis is to be laid.

I could not think of finishing this Treatise, without acknowledging how much I am obliged, both for Method and Materials, to the learned Mr. Thwaites’s most useful and ingenious Epitome of Dr. Hickes’s great Thesaurus, and to the Thesaurus itself: Of which learned Work too great Encomiums cannot be given, either for the amplitude of the Subject, or justness of the Performance. 70 An ingenious and exact Account of it has been given by Dr. Wotton in a Latin Treatise, entitled, Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesauri Grammatico-Critici, & Archæologici, Auctore Georgio Hickesio, Conspectus Brevis, which very well deserves to be reprinted, since I hear it is very scarce. As to the Thesaurus itself, which can produce as many Testimonies of learned Men in its Praise, as perhaps any Book has receiv’d that has ever been printed; yet it hath not indeed escaped the undeserved Censure of some Men, as being defective in some things: but I, who have had occasion strictly to peruse it, believe upon due Reflection, and a nearer Inspection into the Work, its most severe Censurers, will find reason rather to complain of their own, than of the Author’s Mistakes. However in a Work of so great bulk, illustrating so many Languages, it cannot be conceived, but that some things, might well escape the greatest Care, and exactest Judgment: The Author would be glad could she promise herself to have given as few occasions of blame in this little Book.

FINIS.