B.

BACK BOXES.

In cases for Italic where there are no small capitals, also in Old English, and similar founts, the boxes in the upper case, that are appro­priated to small capitals in Roman letter, are styled Back Boxes, and serve to lay two-line Capitals in, and other irregular sorts.

BACK OF A COMPOSING STICK.

That part on which the bottom of the types rests.—M.

BACKS.

In a form of bookwork, the backs are those pieces of furniture placed between the sides of the pages and the cross of the chase, in quartos, octavos, and duodecimos; and, when a sheet is folded, form, except in quartos, the margin of part of the fore edge of a book. See Imposing. Margin.

BACKSIDE OF THE FORM,

is the under side that touches upon the correcting stone or press stone.—M.

BACK STAY.

A piece of girth or leather fastened to the lower hind rail at one end and to the top rim of the coffin at the other, in wooden 26 presses, to check the running out of the carriage beyond the point which will allow the tympan to rise clear of the front of the platen.

BAD COPY.

Such copy as is ill written, or has much Italick, Latin, or Greek, or marginal notes, or few breaks, &c.—M. The term is now used only of manuscript that is badly written, and the words or the sense difficult to make out, with many inter­lineations. When this is the case, it is usual to pay something extra per sheet. For Greek, and marginal notes, an extra sum is always given, as may be seen in the Scale of Prices.

Bad Register.

See Out of Register.

BAD WORK.

Any fault at the case or press, is in workmen’s language called Bad Work.—M. We now call it Bad Workmanship; and by the term Bad Work is understood solid matter; that is, not leaded; with long paragraphs; no white lines nor branching out; no short pages; nor any white pages; such work is also called A Solid Dig: any other work is also called Bad Work, that is tedious in the execution, or difficult to perform, and does not fetch the workman a remunerating price.

BAKE.

When the compositor lays up a form to clear it away, after a work is finished, if he does not rinse the letter as well as if it were rinsed for present use, or rather better, the ink that is dissolved among the lye would, with long standing by, harden between the letter, and make the letter stick so fast together that when it comes afterwards to be distributed, the compositor cannot without great difficulty and trouble get them asunder. This sticking together of the letter is called Baking of the Letter. And compositors in this case say The Letter is Baked.—M. This is the case particularly with new letter, if it be not distributed almost as soon as worked off; for if it be afterwards allowed to remain some time locked up in the chase, it is very difficult to separate and distribute, and causes great loss of time, and injury to the letter.

The usual remedy for this inconvenience is to pour boiling water on the pages repeatedly, which tends to make the letters separate more readily; but still the compositor has to press them against the edge of his case, which makes the ends of his fingers sore, and when he cannot accomplish it in this way, he not unfrequently must have recourse to his teeth. Soaking the new letter in soap and water before it is used, is said to be the best remedy.

Baldwin, Elizabeth.

See Donations.

BALL KNIFE.

An old blunt-edged knife, that pressmen lay by, to scrape their balls with.—M. It is generally an old table knife; but a sharp-edged one is better than a blunt one, if it be carefully used. The use of the Ball Knife is now nearly superseded by the adoption of composition rollers.

BALL LEATHERS.

The exterior coverings of the balls, made either of pelts, of tanned sheep’s skins.—M. Ball Leathers, dressed with oil, were introduced within the author’s recollection; but, although more durable, and sweeter in use than pelts, they were not adapted to produce fine work, and were therefore soon discontinued.

BALL LININGS.

When balls are made of pelts, the wool in the first instance is covered with the pelt of an old ball, previously soaked in the pelt pot and well scraped; this is again covered with a new pelt, and nailed to the ball stock, which makes the ball complete. The old pelt is called the Ball Lining, and makes it firmer in the neck, and also wear longer.

BALL NAILS.

The nails that ball leathers are tacked to the ball stocks with.—M.

BALL NECK.

That part of the ball which is immediately between the stock and the body of the wool, just below the nails, is named the Ball Neck, or the Neck of the Ball.

27

BALL RACK.

Two round tapering wooden pins fastened into a feather-edged piece of elm, and nailed to the near cheek of the press, in which to place the balls when they are not in use, nearly on a level with the ink block. There is frequently an additional one, for two balls, nailed higher up to the same cheek, under the cap, for a pair of spare balls, or to keep them separate when necessary; pelt balls injure each other when kept together for any length of time; and composition balls should never be left one upon the other, for they adhere to each other, and the surface is frequently torn in separating them.

Moveable ball racks are sometimes used for convenience, with the rack fastened to an upright piece of wood, fixed into a cross piece to serve it for standing upon.

BALLS.

Two circular pieces of pelt, leather, or canvass covered with composition, stuffed with wool and nailed to the ball stocks, used to cover the surface of the article to be printed with ink, in order to obtain an impression from it. Moxon says they were occasionally stuffed with hair; and that if the ball stocks were six inches in diameter the ball leathers were cut about nine inches and a half diameter. They are made larger, according to the work they are required for; those used for Newspapers were the largest.

Pelt Balls are superseded in London by composition Balls and composition rollers, and nearly so in the country; but when I recollect that the most splendidly printed English books were executed with pelt Balls, and that a printer may be so situated in the country, or in some foreign place, as not to be able to procure composition Balls or rollers, I think it useful to give directions how to make and manage Balls of pelts, so that wherever a printer may be situated, he may sustain no great inconvenience, provided he has a skin at his command: and I shall in the first place give an old Pressman’s directions for this purpose, who was well and practically experienced in every variety of presswork, and who wrote them expressly for this work.

“The pelt being well soaked, the pressman scrapes with the ball knife a little of the wet and filth off—twists it—puts it on the currying-iron, holding an end in each hand, and curries it, by pulling it strongly backwards and forwards, till it becomes warm and pliable, and the grease adheres to his hands, so that the pelt is in danger of slipping out of them while currying: without treading he cuts the pelt into two equal parts, across, and scrapes both sides of them; he then lays one of them on a press stone, or on any other stone that is large enough, and stretches it and spreads it well with the grain side downwards: the pelt of an old ball being well soaked, he cleans it, scraping it partially, so that some of the moisture may remain in it, and spreads it on the new pelt, as a lining, but does not stretch it nearly so much as the new one, and then nails an edge of them to the ball stock: the wool, being previously carded or combed, he lays in single locks one upon another, crossways, till he has enough for the size of the Ball which he is making. If it be for a newspaper it must be very large; if for bookwork, to be used with common ink, it must be smaller in proportion; but in both cases he brings the ends of the locks of wool into one hand, forming it into the shape of a ball very slightly, and puts these ends into the bowl of the stock; then bringing the opposite edge of the pelt to that already nailed, he also nails that to the ball stock; then he nails two other parts of the pelt opposite to each other, between those parts before nailed; then he plaits the pelt, nailing it regularly on the ball stocks; and cuts off the superfluous 28 edges of the skin. The linings ought to be large enough to be nailed to the ball stock equal with the skin. Then he makes another ball, exactly the same as the first; and if both have a full even face, with no hillocks or dales, he has got a pair of good Balls.

“After having knocked up his Balls, he washes both them and the stocks well, and lets them lie out of the water a quarter of an hour; then placing one edge of the face upon the edge of the bank, the coffin of the press, or upon any other convenient place, and the end of the ball stock against his breast, he takes the handle of a sharp table knife in one hand and the end of the blade in the other, and scrapes it regularly and rather strongly from the plaits to the face of the Ball, at every scrape turning round the Ball, which brings out such a quantity of grease and moisture, as obliges him at the first to wipe his knife at every scrape; he thus proceeds, till he can scarcely bring any more out of the skin. He then places a sheet or sheets of paper on the face of the Ball, and rubs it well with his hands, till the Ball is thoroughly dry, his companion doing the same to the other Ball: they then begin to work the form.

“If a pressman has to execute fine work with strong ink, he stuffs the Balls harder with wool than he does for weak ink; because strong ink lugs or stretches the skin very fast, and soon slackens the Balls, if not hard stuffed.

“I was several years employed on fine work and strong ink, in an office where it was not allowed to tread a skin; this circumstance caused me to try the above-mentioned plan, and experience has taught me that it is by far the most preferable method.

“I also know by experience that a greasy skin is the best for strong ink, if treated in this manner; because it always keeps mellow until the balls are worn out, and there is less trouble in capping them.

“Making Balls is a nasty job: there is an old proverb in the trade, that ‘The devil would have been a pressman, if there were no Balls to make;’ that is, the printer’s devil.” See Pelts.

Tanned sheep’s skins, dressed with oil, have been used, to avoid smell, and for durability: they were more durable than pelts; but they were not calculated for producing fine impressions, not being soft; and, in consequence, not retaining dirt or other extraneous matter on their surface; this occasioned picks, and rendered them unsuitable for printing small letter or fine engravings with neatness.

When the pressmen leave work at night, the pelt balls are capped; that is, they are wrapped up, each in a blanket steeped in urine; and this is always done when they are not in use: it keeps them soft, and in working condition; but they are to be scraped, and dried with paper, to get rid of the moisture, each time they are wanted. There have been many attempts to supersede the use of urine, on account of its disagree­ableness and smell; but no substitute, to my knowledge, has answered the purpose so well with pelts.

Composition Balls and composition rollers have, as I previously observed, superseded the use of pelt balls in the metropolis, and nearly so in the country. This has arisen from their superior cleanliness and sweetness, and being equal to pelts in producing good work. They can also be procured, generally, at the moment they are wanted, in the best working state; since their introduction the manufacture of them has become a new business, and they are supplied at so moderate a rate, (either per week or quarter,) and may be renewed as often as required, that scarcely a printing office in London at the present day troubles itself to make Balls; and hence no pressman need ever complain of having bad Balls as an excuse for bad workmanship.

29

These Balls will be found peculiarly convenient in small offices, where even one press is not in constant employment; for they may be kept for any length of time without injury to them; and if they be preserved in a proper temperament, will be always ready for use at the moment required. If they should become a little too dry, they may be restored to a proper state for working in a very short time by sponging them over with water, and distributing them; or, if there be time, by placing them in a damp situation, in order that they may imbibe moisture.

They may be easily made in an office at a distance from town, where it may be both inconvenient and expensive to have them removed backwards and forwards, by having a shallow dish formed of tin, &c. pouring the melted composition in it, and before it is cold attaching a piece of canvass to it sufficiently large to form a Ball of the size wanted. The facing will be thus thicker in the middle and taper off to the edge, which will be quite thin; and the edge of the composition should be continued well over the rounding of the Ball, to prevent it ever touching the form in beating, and thus avoiding any ill effects from portions of ink or dirt that would lodge at the extremity of the composition, and come in contact with the types or engraving. See Composition.

BALL STOCKS.

Turned of Alder or Maple. They are about seven inches in diameter, and have their under side turned hollow, to contain the greater quantity of wool or hair, to keep the ball leathers plump the longer.—M. They are now made of Elm, and the handles are Beech: but an improvement has been made in this article of late years, although it has not been generally adopted, viz. turning the bowl and handle in one piece, instead of having the handle fitted into the bowl, which frequently came loose, and was troublesome to the Pressman, often catching the skin of his hand, and pinching it. The usual size of the bowl for bookwork, is five inches and a quarter in diameter.

BANK.

A deal table, on which the Pressmen have the paper when printing. It was called a Horse in Moxon’s time. See Horse. It is useful to have a small drawer in the front of it, in which the Pressmen may put their thin paper for overlays, their paste points, and many other articles that would otherwise be lying upon the shelf or platen.

BANK NOTES.

On the 13th of January, 1819, Mr. James Fergusson, of Newman Street, Oxford Street, printer, sent to the Commissioners for inquiring into the Prevention of Forgery of Bank Notes, his plan for that purpose, of which the following is his published description.

“My plan is reared upon the solid foundation of putting it in the power of every individual to be certain whether a Bank-note is genuine or spurious by inspection. I propose, in order to form the ground-work of Bank-notes, to cast a fount, or several founts, of types, formed of such a peculiar shape, that, when printed from, the impression would appear, at first sight, like a line engraving; while, at the same time, when examined more closely, every part of it might be easily read. Although it is not in my power, without going to considerable expence, to produce a specimen of such types as ought to be made for this purpose, yet no one will deny that they may be obtained by means of punch-cutters and letter-founders. This being granted, let me suppose that I have got such types; I should then proceed to compose a page with them of the size of a Bank-note, consisting of such subject-matter as may be deemed advisable,—probably, an explanation of the way by which forgery could be detected. From this page of moveable types, I should make a stereotype plate; and I should then, by stamping or engraving upon the stereotype plate, put the promissory words of the Bank-note, with the addition of whatever 30 ornamental lines might be thought proper. This stereotype plate, so formed, would give, by one pull at the letter-press, a completed Bank-note, unless it might be deemed requisite to add the numbering; and a signature or signatures, in writing. Having got one stereotype plate in the way I describe, I should use it for no other purpose than to obtain others; and from them I could easily make plates to any amount that may be necessary, all which would yield impressions obviously alike. As the promissory and ornamental parts of the note, in white, will purposely be made to intersect the words printed in black all over the surface of the note, the inter­sections will prove an infallible guide to distinguish a spurious note from a genuine one. This contrivance of inter­sections being the leading feature in my plan, I have denominated it The Intersection Plan.

“Individuals, when familiarized to notes issued upon this principle, would naturally select some portion to which they might easily refer, to ascertain the genuineness of a note. And, for further security, if necessary, the Bank might print what I may call Standards, for the use of the public, to be sold for a trifle, merely to insure their preservation. The Standards to be printed from the same plates as the notes themselves, but on paper quite of another texture and colour from the note paper, for the purpose of proving the correctness of the inter­sections.” See Forgery.

31

Bar.

See Press Bar.

BASKET.

In printing offices where there are large founts of letter, and the fount cases of any particular fount are not sufficient to hold the superfluous sorts, the surplus is put in coffins, and deposited in round baskets, till wanted.

BATTER.

When the face of any letters gets injured in a form, it is termed a Batter.

This accident frequently occurs:—in the course of working at press a letter or letters will draw out in beating, and occasionally be left on the form without being perceived; this, when the next impression is pulled, injures the page on which it was left;—a pin, needle, or bodkin, used as pickers, will sometimes be laid on a page and forgot—and other small articles, which produce the same injury. It also happens with forms reared up at the ends of frames, where the faces of the letter in the forms are put to each other, with a quoin, or a piece of furniture, to prevent them touching, which being accidentally displaced, the letter gets injured. The only thing to be done when these accidents occur, is to replace the letters; this however is too frequently done without showing a revise to the Reader or Overseer; and thus errors creep into a work, which no care on the part of a Reader can prevent. To steady careful men these accidents seldom happen; and they ought to be guarded against, in as much as they cause loss of time to the workmen, and expense of materials to the master printer; and when letters or words must be replaced, the work should never be proceeded with at press, previously to its being examined.

When a fine engraving on wood is at press, the workman should be most particularly careful, as an accident might thus spoil an expensive work of art, which it might be impossible to replace.

When a Batter unfortunately happens at press in working stereotype plates, it is too frequently overlooked by the pressmen, and the work proceeds in a deteriorated state; while, generally speaking, if the same accident had happened to a form of moveable types it would have been set right. The reason is, that while in the latter case the accident could be remedied in a few minutes, the stereotype plate on the other hand would have to be taken out of the form and sent to the founders, and would not be repaired in less than five or six hours, during which time the pressmen would be unemployed, to their loss. This is one cause that operates against the more general use of stereotype plates.

BEARD OF A LETTER,

is the outer angle of the square shoulder of the shank, which reaches almost up to the bottom of the face of the letter; and is commonly scraped off by the Founder.—M.

BEARER.

A piece of reglet pasted on the frisket to ease any particular part in a form that has too much pressure on it from the platen of the press.—M.

Double Pica reglet is used for this purpose, as its thickness is equal to the difference between the height of the types and the furniture; and this application of it makes this sized reglet in general a scarce article in a printing office.

Where any parts of the impression of a form come off hard, which from various causes occasionally happens, particularly at the edges of the pages, and at the foot of a short page, a bearer is applied to ease that part; but some care however is required in its application—it must not bear upon any printed matter at the back of it, for if it does, it will smear and deface that part, nor is it necessary to place it close to the part, but it may be put at some distance, and if convenient near the 32 outer edge of the paper, and made to rest on the flat part of the furniture.

After selecting a piece of reglet of the proper length, paste one side of it, and place it with the pasted side uppermost upon the furniture where it is required, then turn down the tympans and frisket and rub that part with the hand to make it adhere to the frisket; or, as is usually done, after the form is beat, when the next pull will make it adhere; if it be not quite sufficient, a thickness or two of a wrapper pasted on it will ease the pull sufficiently on that part.

High Bearers, are pieces of furniture made barely letter height; they are used where separate wood cuts are printed, or very small forms; they are placed on the press stone, usually pasted down, but at such a distance from the printed matter that neither the balls nor the rollers touch them in inking the form; they lighten the pressure on the extremities, and tend to equalize the pull if the carriage be not run in exactly to its place, by the platen bearing upon them. If they be not sufficiently high, they may be added to by overlays pasted upon them.

BEAT.

To cover the surface of the types with ink by means of the balls.—M. See Fine Presswork.

BEAT FAT.

If a Pressman takes too much ink with his balls, he beats fat. The black English faced letter is generally beaten fat.—M. At the present day we understand by Fat Beating, that a pressman beating carefully, goes gradually two or three times over the form, so that every part of the surface of the type is touched six or seven times by the face of the balls; and is thus uniformly covered with a proper quantity of ink.

BEAT LEAN.

Is to take but little ink, and often: all small letter must be beaten lean.—M. This and the preceding term Beat Fat, have changed their meaning since the days of Moxon; to beat lean now, is to beat lightly, and quickly make a riddance of work, without much regard to its quality.

BED.

To bed or lay the press stone in the coffin, so that it shall lie firm and solid in all parts.—M. There are different ways of bedding a press stone: some bed it in bran; some in plaster; but the general way is with paper. To effect this the paper ought not to have any large knots in it, and should be cut to the size of the coffin, and if there be any inequalities in the bottom of the stone, there must be additional pieces of paper placed under it to fill them up. When it is supposed there is sufficient paper in the coffin to raise the stone high enough, it is slung in on two pieces of cord, and a trial made of its firmness; if it rocks, it is lifted out again, and additional paper placed in those parts where the stone did not rest firmly. When it is properly bedded, the ends of the cords are tucked in at the sides of the stone so as to be easily picked out again with a bodkin. When the stone has got to lie solid with working, the upper side should be about a Brevier higher than the coffin.

Although I have mentioned cord, as being generally used for slinging the stone into the coffin, and lifting it out again, yet strong flat tape is decidedly superior; the stone lies more solid with it than with cord, and is not so liable to break.

Benefactions.

See Donations.

BENGALESE.

The following article is extracted from Nathaniel Brassey Halhed’s Grammar of the Bengal Language.

“Exclusive of the Shanscrit, there are three different dialects applied (tho’ not with equal currency) in the kingdom of Bengal: Viz. the Persian, the Hindostanic and the proper Bengalese; each of which has 33 its own peculiar department in the business of the country, and consequently neither of them can be universally adopted to the exclusion of the others.”

“What the pure Hindostanic is to upper India, the language which I have here endeavoured to explain is to Bengal, intimately related to the Shanscrit both in expressions, construction and character. It is the sole channel of personal and epistolary communication among the Hindoos of every occupation and tribe. All their business is transacted, and all their accounts are kept in it; and as their system of education is in general very confined, there are few among them who can write or read any other idiom: the uneducated, or eight parts in ten of the whole nation, are necessarily confined to the usage of their mother tongue.”

“The Shanscrit, or sacred language of Hindostan, from whence the dialect of Bengal immediately proceeds, is supposed by its professors to be the most antient and most excellent in the world. They assert that it exceeds every other language in the number of its letters, and esteem this excess as an incontro­vertible argument of its antiquity and superiority.

“The Bengal Alphabet, like that of the Shanscrit, consists of FIFTY letters, in the following order.

“First Series.

অ o	আ aa	ই ee	ঈ ee
উ oo	ঊ oo	ঋ ree	ৠ ree
ঌ lee	ৡ lree	এ a	ঐ i
ও o	ঔ ou	অং ung	অঃ oh

“Second Series.

ক ko	খ k,ho	গ go	ঘ g,ho	ঙ ngoo-o
চ cho	ছ ch,ho	জ jo	ঝ j,ho	ঞ gnee-o
ট to	ঠ t,ho	ড do	ঢ d,ho	ণ aano
ত to	থ t,ho	দ do	ধ d,ho	ন no
প po	ফ p,ho	ব bo	ভ b,ho	ম mo
য jo	র ro	ল lo	ব wo	——
শ sho	ষ sho	স so	হ ho	ক্ষ khy-o

“It is to be observed, that in the Bengal alphabet, all the names of the consonants commence with the respective consonants which they denote; as ko, go, jo, &c. whereas in English, seven of them are preceded by a vowel: ef, el, em, en, ar, ess, & ex. It follows from hence, that the short vowel of the Bengalese is invariably subjoined to the consonant with which it is uttered, and never precedes: as ক and গ always stand for ko, and go, and in no case for ok, or og.

“The vowels, as used in composition, when joined with consonants, have a very different figure from those which are in the first series of 34 the alphabet. I shall here insert a table of the forms of vowels in composition, corresponding to those which are initial or single.

“A Table of the corresponding Vowels.

অ o	ক ko (the included vowel.)
আ aa	কা kaa	এ a	কে ka
ই ee	কি kee	ঐ i	কৈ ki or ko-i
ঈ ee	কী kee	ও o	কো ko
উ oo	কু koo	ঔ ou	কৌ kou
ঊ oo	কূ koo	অং ung	কং kung
	অঃ oh	কঃ koh

“By the original structure of this language every consonant inherently possesses the short vowel on which its utterance depends; it is plain therefore on this principle, that no two consonants could have been joined together, and successively pronounced in the same syllable, but that a vowel must necessarily have inter­vened. As an expedient to remedy this inconvenience, a set of distinct characters were invented, called ফলা P,holaa, or adjuncts. They are certain subordinate and subsidiary figures, that may be attached to each of the consonants in the alphabet respectively, to provide against the too frequent recurrence of the internal vowel.

“These P,holaa, are presented in a distinct series or alphabet, consisting of eleven subservient marks or signs, for different letters; which are here joined to ক ko, the first of the single consonants, and which may, in the same manner, be applied to all the other letters.

“The twelfth word of the series, (which seems to be added by the Bengalese merely to fill up the rythm) relates to another subject, which will be explained in a subsequent remark.

“The reader must remember, that the letter র ro, in its proper character, is never joined to any other letter or adjunct; but its figure is entirely changed by a connection with other consonants, as will be seen in the following series.

“The twelve P,holas.

Figure.	Name.	Power.
ক্য	ky-o	ky-o
ক্র	koro	kro
ক্ন	kono	kno
ক্ল	kolo	klo
ক্ব	koo-o	kwo, or sometimes koo.
ক্ম	komo	kmo
35 কৃ	kirree	kree
কৢ	killee	klee
র্ক	arko	rko
ঙ্ক	ungko	ungko
ষ্	ashko	shko
সিদ্ধি	sheedd,hee	——

“The compound letters may be formed by three methods: either by placing one letter immediately under another, or by blending two letters together, so as to make one character from their union; or by making the first of the two consonants much smaller than the other letters. This last mode seems to be the most common.

“সিদ্ধি sheedd,hee, called the twelfth P,holaa, is a word always prefixed to the class of vowels contained in the first Series of the alphabet. Sheedd,hee is part of a Shanscrit sentence, which means be it properly performed; and as these words are usually prefixed to the class of vowels, that Series has obtained the name of sheedd,hee.

“The Series Sheed,hee.

সি shee	দ্ধি dd,hee	র ro	স্তু stoo
shee	dd,hee	ro	stoo
অ o	আ aa	ই ee	ঈ ee
o	aa	ee	ee
উ oo	ঊ oo	ঋ ree	ৠ ree
oo	oo	ree	ree
ঌ lee	ৡ lee	এ a	ঐ i
lee	lee	a	i
ও o	ঔ ou	অং ung	অঃ oh
o	ou	ung	oh

অ o, is always an initial letter.

আ aa, is also initial.

“I shall set down a few of the most common contractions of letters which are constantly used by all the Bengalese, as being more expeditious, as well as more elegant than a simple junction of the single letters, whose office they perform.

ক্র kro, stands for [A] the kirro Pholaa.

ক্ত okto, is ত to blended with ক ko; its regular form is [A].

[A] koo, stands for কূ ko with hroswookaar.

[A] ungo, is compounded of [A] ngoo-o with [A] go subjoined.

36

[A] oggyo, is another figure for the Pholaa [A].

[A] moo, is ম mo and ব wo compounded. The simple form is ম্ব.

[A] oshno, for [A] i.e. [A] aano subjoined to ষ sho.

[A] shoo, initial and medial, [A] shoo, final; two figures for ষূ.

[A] This figure stands for both তু otto and তূ too.

[A] goo, is used for গূ.

[A] hoo, stands for হূ.

[A] ohro, is kro Pholaa subjoined to হ ho.

ত্র tro, stands for [A].

[A] roo, is used instead of [A].

[A] ohlo, is ল lo subjoined to হ ho.

[A] ondo, compounded of [A] aano and দ do.

[A] ohjo, is হ ho and [A] jo blended together.

[A] ohmo, a compound of হ ho and ম mo.

[A] ostoo, is স so and ত to, with hroswookaar subjoined.

[A] ostro, is the letter স so compounded with ত to, and the kro Pholaa.

[A] joo, stands for [A].

[A] ogd,ho, [A] odd,ho, [A] ond,ho, represent [A] d’ho severally subjoined to [A] go, [A] do, and [A] no.

[A] this figure is called ordd,ho-to, i.e. semi-to; for ordd,ho signifies half. It is used for the letter [A] to without its internal vowel; and in the middle of a word is generally represented by [A] the numerical figure of two.

[A] otyo, is the preceding [A] blended with the kyo pholaa.

“I shall now proceed to a few marks of reference commonly used by the Bengalese.

“ This figure is always put at the top of every writing, and is meant as an invocation to Gonash, the Deity of Knowledge and Arts; it is called Gonashar aakoree, or the crook of Gonash. So the Mahometans always begin with the letter ا aleph, as a token of the unity of God.

“ Chaandboondaa, is a mark put over certain letters to give them a very forcible nasal expression.

“৺ Eeshwor, is properly one of the deities of the Hindoo Trinity. The name of God was supposed too holy to be inserted among the general class of words, and was therefore written at the top of the page, and wherever this name should occur in a sentence, the mark here specified was put as a reference to it. The form still remains, but the usage is degraded into a mere compliment: for in all petitions, or letters 37 from inferiors to their superiors, the name of the person addressed is now put at the top, and this sign of reference occupies the place in the body of the letter, where the name should regularly have been inserted.

“ Sree properly signifies prosperity, and is prefixed to every name which they mean to mention with respect; as sree sree Raam, sree sree Gonash.

“One or more of these titles of Hindoo deities is first written on every piece of paper, as an amulet or charm, before any letter, petition or other writing whatever, is committed to it. In the same manner the Mahometans universally apply their Bismillah (or, In the name of God.) as we formerly wrote Emanuel at the top of letters, and still continue to commence a ledger with Laus Deo.

“The denominations of the cardinal numbers are so irregular in Bengalese, that I find it will be necessary to exhibit them as far as one hundred. And it must be observed as a particularity, that the ninth numeral of every series of ten, is not specified by the term of nine in the common order of progression, but takes its appellation from the series immediately above; as for instance the number twenty nine is not expressed by nobeesh, which should seem the proper denomination, but is called oonteesh, or one less than thirty. So thirty nine is oonchaaleesh, or one less than forty.

১	1	২১	21	৪১	41	৬১	61	৮১	81
২	2	২২	22	৪২	42	৬২	62	৮২	82
৩	3	২৩	23	৪৩	43	৬৩	63	৮৩	83
৪	4	২৪	24	৪৪	44	৬৪	64	৮৪	84
৫	5	২৫	25	৪৫	45	৬৫	65	৮৫	85
৬	6	২৬	26	৪৬	46	৬৬	66	৮৬	86
৭	7	২৭	27	৪৭	47	৬৭	67	৮৭	87
৮	8	২৮	28	৪৮	48	৬৮	68	৮৮	88
৯	9	২৯	29	৪৯	49	৬৯	69	৮৯	89
১০	10	৩০	30	৫০	50	৭০	70	৯০	90
১১	11	৩১	31	৫১	51	৭১	71	৯১	91
১২	12	৩২	32	৫২	52	৭২	72	৯২	92
১৩	13	৩৩	33	৫৩	53	৭৩	73	৯৩	93
১৪	14	৩৪	34	৫৪	54	৭৪	74	৯৪	94
১৫	15	৩৫	35	৫৫	55	৭৫	75	৯৫	95
১৬	16	৩৬	36	৫৬	56	৭৬	76	৯৬	96
১৭	17	৩৭	37	৫৭	57	৭৭	77	৯৭	97
১৮	18	৩৮	38	৫৮	58	৭৮	78	৯৮	98
১৯	19	৩৯	39	৫৯	59	৭৯	79	৯৯	99
২০	20	৪০	40	৬০	60	৮০	80	১০০	100”

38

In respect to the Bengalese types with which Halhed’s grammar is printed, he thus observes, “The public curiosity must be strongly excited by the beautiful characters which are displayed in the following work: and although my attempt may be deemed incompleat or unworthy of notice, the book itself will always bear an intrinsic value, from its containing as extraordinary an instance of mechanic abilities as has perhaps ever appeared. That the Bengal letter is very difficult to be imitated in steel will readily be allowed by every person who shall examine the intricacies of the strokes, the unequal length and size of the characters, and the variety of their positions and combinations. It was no easy task to procure a writer accurate enough to prepare an alphabet of a similar and proportionate body throughout, and with that symmetrical exactness which is necessary to the regularity and neatness of a fount. Mr. Bolts (who is supposed to be well versed in this language) attempted to fabricate a set of types for it, with the assistance of the ablest artists in London. But as he egregiously failed in executing even the easiest part, or primary alphabet, of which he has published a specimen, there is no reason to suppose that his project, when compleated, would have advanced beyond the usual state of imperfection to which new inventions are constantly exposed.

“The advice and even sollicitation of the Governor General prevailed upon Mr. Wilkins, a gentleman who has been some years in the India Company’s civil service in Bengal, to undertake a set of Bengal types. He did, and his success has exceeded every expectation. In a country so remote from all connexion with European artists, he has been obliged to charge himself with all the various occupations of the Metallurgist, the Engraver, the Founder, and the Printer. To the merit of invention he was compelled to add the application of personal labour. With a rapidity unknown in Europe, he surmounted all the obstacles which necessarily clog the first rudiments of a difficult art, as well as the disadvantages of solitary experiment; and has thus singly on the first effort exhibited his work in a state of perfection which in every part of the world has appeared to require the united improvements of different projectors, and the gradual polish of successive ages.”

The gentleman here spoken of was Charles Wilkins, Esq., a descendant of the learned Bishop Wilkins, and one of the founders of the Asiatic Society. He was afterwards created Doctor of Laws, and appointed Librarian to the East-India Company at their establishment in Leadenhall Street. He was reputed to be the best Shanscrit scholar in Europe.

BENVENUE.

Half a crown paid by a new workman to the Chapel when he commences, which is always spent. If a journeyman wrought formerly in the same printing house, and comes again to work in it, he pays but half a benvenue. If a journeyman smout more or less on another printing house, he pays half a benvenue.—M. See Ancient Customs.

This custom is still retained in printing offices, and the amount generally paid is the same as it was in the seventeenth century, though the value of half a crown then was considerably more than it is now. Under particular circumstances the Chapel sometimes takes less; and the workmen always add something each, so as to be able to provide bread and cheese and a draught of porter to welcome the new comer. The word is now pronounced Bevénue; it is evidently a corruption of the Fr. bien venu or welcome.

39

BIBLE ORTHOGRAPHY.

Many religious works are printed with numerous extracts from the Holy Scriptures without any reference to the Book, Chapter, or Verse, and as they are frequently made from memory, they are generally inaccurate. I am clearly of opinion that wherever a quotation is made, it should be given literally as it appears in the work from which it is taken, otherwise it is worse than useless,—for it misleads. With regard to extracts from the Bible, I hold it indispensable that they should be given without the slightest variation from the original; but as many words in the Bible vary in their orthography from Johnson’s Dictionary, which is the book of reference generally in use, and as the authorized editions of the Scriptures differ in this respect from each other in many instances, I have collated the King’s Printers, the Oxford, the Cambridge, and the Edinburgh editions with Johnson’s Dictionary and with each other, for the purpose of enabling the printer to preserve uniformity in orthography with little trouble to himself in reprints of the Bible, and in extracts occurring in religious works, according as the author may prefer any of these editions.

These variations from each other do not extend to words but are confined to the orthography, and to the difference of the same expression being given in one word, in two words, or in being made a compound word; thus in the Cambridge and the Edinburgh Bibles there are a great number of compound words, while in the King’s Printers and Oxford Bibles the same words are given either joined together as one word or made into two words; and we find very few compound words, except proper names. I have also given the Bible orthography where Johnson gives two ways of spelling a word. The result will be seen in the following Table; which also shows the variations, to a certain degree, that have taken place in the language during the last two hundred years.

The late Mr. Thomas Bensley, who was printer to the University of Oxford, told me, about the year 1805, that they had a sealed copy there, as a standard to read from; if this be the case, it is difficult to account for their copies of late years having numerous variations from the earlier editions. I think it very desirable that there should be a standard edition that we could refer to, as a pure text; and it would also be desirable to know on what authority these variations are made in the holy Scriptures, for every word, every point, nay every capital letter, I believe, was carefully considered before it was adopted in the first edition of the authorized version in 1611, and this too by a considerable number of the most learned men of the kingdom, who had the direction of the work.

With regard to the words in the Bible printed in Italic characters, Dr. Myles Smyth, one of the two appointed Revisers of the authorized version, in the Preface to the first edition, published in 1611, gives the following reason for their use:—

“Moreouer, whereas the necessitie of the sentence required any thing to be added (for such is the grace and proprietie of the Ebrewe and Greeke tongues that it cannot, but either by circumlocution, or by adding the verbe or some word, be vnderstood of them that are not well practised therein), wee haue put it in the text with an other kinde of letter, that it may easily bee discerned from the common letter.”

The Preface was written and affixed by the King’s command. The first Edition of the Bible was printed in Black Letter, and the “other kinde of letter” was roman; when the Black Letter was disused, and the Roman character substituted, the “other kinde of letter” was changed to Italic. Dr. Smyth was afterwards Bishop of Gloucester.

40

	King’s Printers.	Oxford.	Cambridge.	Edinburgh.	Reference.
	Adoram	Hadoram	Hadoram	Hadoram	Gen. x. 27.
	Agar	Agar	Agar	Agar	Gal. iv. 24.
	Hagar	Hagar	Hagar	Hagar	Gen. xvi. 1.
	alabaster box	alabaster box	alabaster-box	alabaster-box	Matt. xxvi. 7.
	algum trees	algum trees	algum-trees	algum-trees	2 Chr. ii. 8.
	alledgeth	alledgeth	alledgeth	alledgeth	Job viii. Head.
	alledging	alledging	alledging	alledging	Acts xvii. 3.
	Alleluia	Alleluia	Alleluia	Alleluia	Rev. xix. 1.
	almond tree	almond tree	almond-tree	almond-tree	Eccl. xii. 5.
	almug trees	almug trees	almug-trees	almug-trees	1 Kings x. 11.
	Alpheus	Alphæus	Alpheus	Alpheus	Acts i. 13.
	ambassage	ambassage	ambassage	ambassage	Luke xiv. 32.
	ancle	ancle	ancle	ancle	Acts iii. 7.
	any wise	any wise	any wise	any wise	Mark xiv. 31.
	apple tree	apple tree	apple-tree	apple-tree	Joel i. 12.
	Arimathea	Arimathæa	Arimathea	Arimathea	Mark xv. 43.
	armourbearer	armourbearer	armour-bearer	armour-bearer	1 Sam. xiv. 7.
	Aser	Aser	Aser	Aser	Rev. vii. 6.
	Asher	Asher	Asher	Asher	Gen. xxx. 13.
	ass colts	ass colts	ass colts	ass-colts	Judg. x. 4.
	asswaged	asswaged	asswaged	asswaged	Gen. viii. 1.
	aul	aul	awl	awl	Exod. xxi. 6.
	ax	ax	axe	axe	1 Sam. xiii. 20.
	axe	axe	axe	axe	Luke iii. 9.
	axletrees	axletrees	axle-trees	axle-trees	1 Kings vii. 32.
	bakemeats	bakemeats	bake-meats	bake-meats	Gen. xl. 17.
	Balac	Balac	Balac	Balac	Rev. ii. 14.
	Balak	Balak	Balak	Balak	Num. xxii. 2.
	banqueting house	banquetting house	banquetting-house	banqueting-house	So. of Sol. ii. 4.
	barley bread	barley bread	barley-bread	barley-bread	Judg. vii. 13.
	barley cakes	barley cakes	barley-cakes	barley cakes	Ezek. iv. 12.
	barley harvest	barley harvest	barley-harvest	barley-harvest	Ruth ii. 23.
	barley loaves	barley loaves	barley-loaves	barley-loaves	John vi. 9.
	barley meal	barley meal	barley-meal	barley meal	Num. v. 15.
	barley seed	barley seed	barley-seed	barley-seed	Lev. xxvii. 16.
	Bartimeus	Bartimæus	Bartimeus	Bartimeus	Mark x. 46.
	bason	bason	bason	bason	Exod. xii. 22.
	battle ax	battle ax	battle-axe	battle-axe	Jer. li. 20.
	battle bow	battle bow	battle-bow	battle-bow	Zech. x. 4.
	beastiality	beastiality	beastiality	beastiality	Exod. xxii. Head.
	Beautiful gate	Beautiful gate	Beautiful gate	Beautiful gate	Acts iii. 10.
	bedchamber	bedchamber	bed-chamber	bed-chamber	2 Sam. iv. 7.
	befall	befall	befal	befall	Deut. xxxi. 17.
	befel	befell	befell	befell	Mark v. 16.
	beforetime	beforetime	before-time	beforetime	Jos. xx. 5.
	Beor	Beor	Beor	Beor	Num. xxii. 5.
	Bosor	Bosor	Bosor	Bosor	2 Pet. ii. 15.
	beryl stone	beryl stone	beryl-stone	beryl stone	Ezek. x. 9.
	birthday	birthday	birth-day	birth-day	Gen. xl. 20.
	birthright	birthright	birth-right	birthright	Gen. xxv. 31.
	Bloodguiltiness	bloodguiltiness	blood-guiltiness	blood-guiltiness	Ps. li. 14.
	bloodthirsty	bloodthirsty	blood-thirsty	blood-thirsty	Prov. xxix. 10.
	bondmaid	bondmaid	bond-maid	bond maid	Gal. iv. 22.
	bondman	bondman	bond-man	bond man	Rev. vi. 15.
	bondservant	bondservant	bond-servant	bond-servant	Lev. xxv. 39.
	bondservice	bondservice	bond-service	bond-service	1 Kings ix. 21.
	bondwoman	bondwoman	bond-woman	bond-woman	Gen. xxi. 10.
	Bosor	Bosor	Bosor	Bosor	2 Pet. ii. 15.
	Beor	Beor	Beor	Beor	Num. xxii. 5.
	bowshot	bowshot	bowshot	bow-shot	Gen. xxi. 16.
	box tree	box tree	box-tree	box-tree	Isa. xli. 19.
	bramble bush	bramble bush	bramble-bush	bramble-bush	Luke vi. 44.
	brasen	brasen	brasen	brasen	Exod. xxxviii. 4.
	bread corn	bread corn	bread-corn	bread-corn	Isa. xxviii. 28.
	breastplate	breastplate	breast-plate	breastplate	Exod. xxv. 7.
	briars	briers	briers	briers	Heb. vi. 8.
	briers	briers	briers	briers	Isa. xxvii. 4.
	brickkiln	brickkiln	brick-kiln	brick-kiln	2 Sam. xii. 31.
	bridechamber	bridechamber	bride-chamber	bride-chamber	Matt. ix. 15.
	brokenfooted	brokenfooted	broken-footed	broken-footed	Lev. xxi. 19.
	brokenhanded	brokenbanded	broken-handed	broken-handed	Lev. xxi. 19.
	brokenhearted	brokenhearted	broken-hearted	broken-hearted	Luke iv. 18.
	burdens	burdens	burdens	burdens	Exod. v. 4.
	burnt offerings	burnt offerings	burnt-offerings	burnt-offerings	Gen. viii. 20.
	burnt sacrifice	burnt sacrifice	burnt-sacrifice	burnt-sacrifice	Exod. xxx. 9.
	buryingplace	buryingplace	burying-place	burying-place	Gen. xxiii. 4.
	busybody	busybody	busy-body	busy-body	1 Pet. iv. 15.
	byword	byword	by-word	by-word	Deut. xxviii. 37.
	calkers	calkers	calkers	calkers	Ezek. xxvii. 9.
	camphire	camphire	camphire	camphire	So. of Sol. i. 14.
	Canaan	Canaan	Canaan	Canaan	Gen. xi. 31.
	Chanaan	Chanaan	Chanaan	Chanaan	Acts vii. 11.
	cankerworm	cankerworm	canker-worm	canker-worm	Joel i. 4.

41

	carcase	carcase	carcase	carcase	Lev. xi. 25.
	cart rope	cart rope	cart-rope	cart-rope	Isa. v. 18.
	castaway	castaway	cast-away	castaway	1 Cor. ix. 27.
	caterpiller	caterpiller	caterpiller	caterpillar	1 Kings viii. 37.
	caterpiller	caterpiller	caterpillar	caterpillar	Isa. xxxiii. 4.
	cedar beams	cedar beams	cedar-beams	cedar beams	1 Kings vi. 36.
	cedar pillars	cedar pillars	cedar-pillars	cedar-pillars	1 Kings vii. 2.
	cedar trees	cedar trees	cedar-trees	cedar-trees	2 Sam. v. 11.
	cedar wood	cedar wood	cedar-wood	cedar-wood	Lev. xiv. 6.
	Cesar	Cæsar	Cesar	Cesar	Matt. xxii. 21.
	Cesarea	Cæsarea	Cesarea	Cesarea	Matt. xvi. 13.
	Chaldeans	Chaldæans	Chaldeans	Chaldeans	Acts vii. 4.
	chalkstones	chalkstones	chalk-stones	chalk-stones	Isa. xxvii. 9.
	Chanaan	Chanaan	Chanaan	Chanaan	Acts vii. 11.
	Canaan	Canaan	Canaan	Canaan	Gen. xi. 31.
	chant	chant	chant	chant	Amos vi. 5.
	chariot man	chariot man	chariot-man	chariot-man	2 Chr. xviii. 33.
	chariot wheels	chariot wheels	chariot-wheels	chariot-wheels	Exod. xiv. 25.
	checker work	checker work	checker-work	checker-work	1 Kings vii. 17.
	cheek bone	cheek bone	cheek-bone	cheek-bone	Ps. iii. 7.
	cheerful	cheerful	cheerful	chearful	Prov. xv. 13.
	cherubims	cherubims	cherubims	cherubims	Exod. xxv. 18.
	chesnut trees	chesnut trees	chesnut-trees	chesnut-trees	Exek. xxxi. 8.
	childbearing	childbearing	child-bearing	child-bearing	1 Tim. ii. 15,
	choke	choke	choke	choke	Matt. xiii. 22.
	choose	choose	choose	choose	Deut. vii. 7.
	cieled	cieled	cieled	ceiled	Jer. xxii. 14.
	cieling	cieling	cieling	ceiling	1 Kings vi. 15.
	Cis	Cis	Cis	Cis	Acts xiii. 21.
	Kish	Kish	Kish	Kish	1 Sam. ix. 1.
	cloke	cloke	cloke	cloak	John xv. 22.
	clovenfooted	clovenfooted	cloven-footed	cloven-footed	Lev. xi. 3.
	Cockcrowing	cockcrowing	cock-crowing	cock-crowing	Mark xiii. 35.
	conies	conies	conies	conies	Prov. xxx. 26.
	coriander seed	coriander seed	coriander-seed	coriander-seed	Num. xi. 7.
	corn fields	corn fields	corn-fields	corn-fields	Luke vi. 1.
	cornfloor	cornfloor	corn-floor	corn-floor	Hos. ix. 1.
	corner stone	corner stone	corner-stone	corner-stone	Job xxxviii. 6.
	couchingplace	couchingplace	couching-place	couching-place	Ezek. xxv. 5.
	counseller	counsellor	counseller	counsellor	2 Chr. xxii. 3.
	court gate	court gate	court-gate	court-gate	Exod. xxxviii. 31.
	covenantbreakers	covenantbreakers	covenant-breakers	covenant-breakers	Rom. i. 31.
	crisping pins	crisping pins	crisping-pins	crisping-pins	Isa. iii. 22.
	crookbackt	crookbackt	crook-backt	crook-backt	Lev. xxi. 20.
	crossway	crossway	cross-way	cross-way	Obad. 14.
	cruse	cruse	cruse	cruse	1 Kings xvii. 12.
	cuckow	cuckow	cuckow	cuckoo	Lev. xl. 16.
	cupbearer	cupbearer	cup-bearer	cup-bearer	Neb. i. 11.
	daughter in law	daughter in law	daughter-in-law	daughter-in-law	Gen. xi. 31.
	daysman	daysman	days-man	day’s-man	Job ix. 33.
	dayspring	dayspring	day-spring	day-spring	Luke i. 78.
	day star	day star	day-star	day-star	2 Pet. i. 19.
	day time	day time	day-time	day-time	Num. xiv. 14.
	daytime	daytime	day-time	day-time	Job v. 14.
	desert	desert	desert	desert	Isa. xliii. 20.
	destroying weapon	destroying weapon	destroying-weapon	destroying weapon	Ezek. ix. 1.
	diddest	diddest	diddest	diddest	Acts vii. 28.
	dispatch	dispatch	dispatch	dispatch	Ezek. xxiii. 47.
	door post	door post	door-post	door-post	Exod. xxi. 6.
	double minded	double minded	double-minded	double-minded	Jam. i. 8.
	doubletongued	doubletongued	double-tongued	double-tongued	1 Tim. iii. 8.
	downsitting	downsitting	down-sitting	down-sitting	Ps. cxxxix. 2.
	dragon well	dragon well	dragon-well	dragon-well	Neb. ii. 13.
	draught	draught	draught	draught	Matt. xv. 17.
	drawnet	drawnet	drawnet	drawnet	Matt. xiii. Head.
	drink offering	drink offering	drink-offering	drink-offering	Gen. xxxv. 14.
	dung gate	dung gate	dung-gate	dung-gate	Neh. iii. 14.
	dunghil	dunghill	dunghill	dunghill	1 Sam ii. 8.
	dunghill	dunghill	dunghill	dunghill	Dan. iii. 29.
	dung port	dung port	dung-port	dung-port	Neh. II. 13.
	dureth	dureth	dureth	dureth	Matt. xiii. 21.
	dwelling house	dwelling house	dwelling-house	dwelling-house	Lev. xxv. 29.
	dwelling place	dwelling place	dwelling-place	dwelling-place	1 Kings viii. 30.
	dwellingplaces	dwellingplaces	dwelling-places	dwelling-places	Ezek. vi. 6.
	dyed	dyed	dyed	dyed	Exod. xxxix. 34.
	earring	earring	ear-ring	ear-ring	Gen. xxiv. 22.
	Elisabeth	Elisabeth	Elisabeth	Elisabeth	Luke i. 5.
	Eliseus	Eliseus	Eliseus	Eliseus	Luke iv. 27.
	Elisha	Elisha	Elisha	Elisha	1 Kings xix. 16.
	Eneas	Æneas	Eneas	Eneas	Acts ix. 33.
	Enflaming	Enflaming	Enflaming	Enflaming	Isa. lvii. 5.
	enquire	enquire	inquire, & en	enquire	Gen. xxiv. 57.
	ensamples	ensamples	ensamples	ensamples	1 Pet. v. 3.

42

	Esaias	Esaias	Esaias	Esaias	Matt. iii. 3.
	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isa. i. 1.
	eveningtide	eveningtide	evening-tide	evening-tide	Isa. xvii. 14.
	eventide	eventide	even-tide	even-tide	Gen. xxiv. 63.
	evil affected	evil affected	evil-affected	evil affected	Acts xiv. 2.
	evildoers	evildoers	evil-doers	evil-doers	1 Pet. ii. 12.
	evil doers	evildoers	evil doers	evil-doers	1 Pet. iii. 16.
	evilfavouredness	evilfavouredness	evil-favouredness	evil-favouredness	Deut. xvii. 1.
	ewe lambs	ewe lambs	ewe-lambs	ewe-lambs	Gen. xxi. 28.
	expences	expences	expences	expences	Ezra vi. 4.
	eyebrows	eyebrows	eye-brows	eye-brows	Lev. xiv. 9.
	eyelids	eyelids	eye-lids	eyelids	Prov. iv. 25.
	eyeservice	eyeservice	eye-service	eye-service	Eph. vi. 6.
	eye sight	eye sight	eye-sight	eye-sight	2 Sam. xxii. 25.
	eye witness	eyewitness	eye-witness	eye-witness	2 Pet. i. Head.
	eyewitnesses	eyewitnesses	eye-witnesses	eye-witnesses	Luke i. 2.
	fainthearted	fainthearted	faint-hearted	faint-hearted	Isa. vii. 4.
	fallow deer	fallow deer	fallow-deer	fallow-deer	Deut. xiv. 5.
	farewel	farewell	farewell	farewell	Acts xviii. 21.
	farther	farther	farther	farther	Eccles. viii. 17.
	fatfleshed	fatfleshed	fat-fleshed	fat-fleshed	Gen. xii. 18.
	father in law	father in law	father-in-law	father-in-law	Gen. xxxviii. 13.
	fats	fats	fats	fats	Joel iii. 13.
	feast days	feast days	feast-days	feast-days	Hos. ii. 11.
	feedingplace	feedingplace	feeding-place	feeding-place	Nah. ii. 11.
	felloes	felloes	felloes	felloes	1 Kings vii. 33.
	fellowcitizens	fellowcitizens	fellow-citizens	fellow-citizens	Eph. ii. 19.
	fellowdisciples	fellowdisciples	fellow disciples	fellow-disciples	John xi. 16.
	fellowheirs	fellowheirs	fellow-heirs	fellow-heirs	Eph. iii. 6.
	fellowhelper	fellowhelper	fellow-helper	fellow-helper	2 Cor. viii. 23.
	fellowlabourers	fellowlabourers	fellow-labourers	fellow-labourers	Philip. iv. 3.
	fellowprisoner	fellowprisoner	fellow-prisoner	fellow-prisoner	Col. iv. 10.
	fellowservant	fellowservant	fellow-servant	fellow-servant	Matt. xviii. 29.
	fellow servants	fellowservants	fellow-servants	fellow-servants	Matt. xviii. 31.
	fellowsoldier	fellowsoldier	fellow-soldier	fellow-soldier	Philip. ii. 25.
	fellowworkers	fellowworkers	fellow-workers	fellow-workers	Col. iv. 11.
	ferry boat	ferry boat	ferry-boat	ferry-boat	2 Sam. xix. 18.
	fetcht	fetcht	fetcht	fetched	Gen. xviii. 7.
	fiery flying	fiery flying	fiery-flying	fiery flying	Isa. xxx. 6.
	fig leaves	fig leaves	fig-leaves	fig-leaves	Gen. iii. 7.
	fig tree	fig tree	fig-tree	fig-tree	1 Kings iv. 25.
	fir trees	fir trees	fir-trees	fir-trees	1 Kings v. 10.
	fir wood	fir wood	fir-wood	fir-wood	2 Sam. vi. 6.
	firebrands	firebrands	fire-brands	firebrands	Judg. xv. 4.
	firepans	firepans	fire-pans	fire-pans	Exod. xxvii. 3.
	first begotten	first begotten	first-begotten	first-begotten	Rev. i. 5.
	firstborn	firstborn	first-born	first-born	Gen. x. 15.
	firstfruits	firstfruits	first-fruits	first-fruits	Exod. xxiii. 16.
	firstripe	firstripe	first ripe	first-ripe	Num. xiii. 20.
	firstripe figs	firstripe-figs	first-ripe-figs	first ripe figs	Nah. iii. 12.
	fish gate	fish gate	fish-gate	fish-gate	2 Chr. xxxiii. 14.
	fishhooks	fishhooks	fish-hooks	fish-hooks	Amos iv. 2.
	fishpools	fishpools	fish-pools	fish-pools	So. of Sol. vii. 4.
	fish spears	fish spears	fish-spears	fish spears	Job xli. 7.
	fitches	fitches	fitches	fitches	Isa. xxviii. 25.
	five and twentieth	five and twentieth	five-and-twentieth	five and twentieth	Jer. iii. 31.
	fleshhooks	fleshhooks	flesh-hooks	flesh-hooks	Exod. xxvii. 3.
	flesh pots	flesh pots	flesh-pots	flesh-pots	Exod. xvi. 3.
	fleshy	fleshly	fleshly	fleshly	2 Cor. iii. 3.
	flotes	flotes	floats	floats	2 Chr. ii. 16.
	foal	foal	foal	foal	Matt. xxi. 5.
	foles	foles	foals	foals	Gen. xxxii. 15.
	foolish talking	foolish talking	foolish talking	foolish talking	Eph. v. 4.
	forefront	forefront	fore-front	fore-front	Exod. xxviii. 37.
	forepart	forepart	fore-part	fore-part	1 Kings vi. 20.
	foreprophesied	foreprophesied	fore-prophesied	fore-prophesied	2 Kings xxiii. Head.
	foretel	foretell	foretel	foretell	2 Cor. xiii. 2.
	forty five	forty five	forty-five	forty-five	1 Kings vii. 3.
	fountain gate	fountain gate	fountain-gate	fountain-gate	Neb. xii. 37.
	fourfooted	fourfooted	four-footed	four-footed	Acts xl. 6.
	freeman	free man	free-man	free man	Rev. vi. 15.
	free offerings	free offerings	free-offerings	free-offerings	Exod. xxxvi. 3.
	freewill offering	freewill offering	freewill-offering	free-will-offering	Num. xv. 3.
	freewill offerings	freewill offerings	free-will-offerings	free-will-offerings	Lev. xxii. 18.
	freewoman	freewoman	free-woman	free woman	Gal. iv. 22.
	fruit tree	fruit tree	fruit-tree	fruit-tree	Gen. i. 11.
	fryingpan	fryingpan	frying-pan	frying-pan	Lev. vii. 9.
	Galilean	Galilæan	Galilean	Galilean	Mark xiv. 70.
	gazingstock	gazingstock	gazing-stock	gazingstock	Nah. iii. 6.
	Gedeon	Gedeon	Gedeon	Gedeon	Heb. xi. 32.
	Gideon	Gideon	Gideon	Gideon	Judg. vi. 11.
	gier eagle	gier eagle	gier-eagle	gier-eagle	Lev. xi. 18.
	glede	glede	glede	glede	Deut. xlv. 13.

43

	goatskins	goatskins	goat-skins	goat-skins	Heb. xi. 37.
	God-ward	God-ward	God-ward	God-ward	Exod. xviii. 19.
	Gomorrah	Gomorrah	Gomorrah	Gomorrah	Gen. xix. 24.
	Gomorrha	Gomorrha	Gomorrha	Gomorrha	Matt. x. 15.
	goodman	good man	good man	goodman	Matt. xxiv. 43.
	good will	good will	good will	good will	Eph. vi. 7.
	gopher wood	gopher wood	gopher-wood	gopher-wood	Gen. vi. 14.
	governors	governors	governors	governors	Matt. x. 18.
	graffed	graffed	graffed	graffed	Rom. xi. 24.
	grapegatherers	grapegatherers	grape-gatherers	grape-gatherers	Jer. xlix. 9.
	grapegleanings	grapegleanings	grape-gleanings	grape-gleanings	Mic. vii. 1.
	grashopper	grasshopper	grasshopper	grashopper	Lev. xi. 22.
	graveclothes	graveclothes	grave-clothes	grave-clothes	John xi. 44.
	gray hairs	gray hairs	gray hairs	gray hairs	Hos. vii. 9.
	grayheaded	grayheaded	gray-headed	gray-headed	1 Sam. xii. 2.
	grey head	grey head	grey head	gray head	Prov. xx. 29.
	greyheaded	greyheaded	gray-headed	gray-headed	Ps. lxxi. 18.
	grisled	grisled	grisled	grisled	Gen. xxxi. 10.
	guard chamber	guard chamber	guard-chamber	guard-chamber	1 Kings xiv. 28.
	guestchamber	guestchamber	guest-chamber	guest-chamber	Mark xiv. 14.
	Gulf	gulf	gulf	gulf	Luke xvi. 26.
	Adoram	Hadoram	Hadoram	Hadoram	Gen. x. 27.
	Hagar	Hagar	Hagar	Hagar	Gen. xvi. 1.
	Agar	Agar	Agar	Agar	Gal. iv. 24.
	hail stones	hail stones	hail-stones	hail-stones	Ps. xviii. 12.
	hair breadth	hair breadth	hair-breadth	hair-breadth	Judges xx. 16.
	hand breadth	hand breadth	hand-breadth	handbreadth	Exod. xxxvii. 12.
	handful	handful	handful	handful	Lev. ii. 2.
	handmaid	handmaid	hand-maid	handmaid	Gen. xvi. 1.
	handstaves	handstaves	hand-staves	hand-staves	Ezek. xxxix. 9.
	handwriting	handwriting	hand-writing	hand-writing	Col. ii. 14.
	handywork	handywork	handywork	handywork	Ps. xix. 1.
	hardhearted	hardhearted	hard-hearted	hard-hearted	Ezek. iii. 7.
	harvestman	harvestman	harvest-man	harvest-man	Isa. xvii. 5.
	hasel	hazel	hazel	hazel	Gen. xxx. 37.
	headbands	headbands	head-bands	head-bands	Isa. iii. 20.
	heave offering	heave offering	heave-offering	heave-offering	Exod. xxix. 27.
	heave shoulder	heave shoulder	heave-shoulder	heave-shoulder	Lev. x. 14.
	he goats	he goats	he-goats	he-goats	Gen. xxxii. 14.
	he lambs	he lambs	he-lambs	he-lambs	Lev. xiv. 10.
	help meet	help meet	help meet	help meet	Gen. ii. 18.
	hiding place	hiding place	hiding-place	hiding-place	Ps. xxxii. 7.
	highminded	highminded	high-minded	high-minded	Rom. xi. 20.
	high way	high way	high-way	high-way	Num. xx. 19.
	hill country	hill country	hill-country	hill-country	Luke i. 39.
	hill top	hill top	hill-top	hill-top	Num. xiv. 44.
	Hiram	Hiram	Hiram	Hiram	1 Kings v. 1.
	Huram	Huram	Huram	Huram	2 Chr. ii. 3.
	hoar frost	hoarfrost	hoar-frost	hoar-frost	Ps. cxlvii. 16.
	hoised	hoised	hoised	hoised	Acts xxvii. 40.
	holyday	holyday	holy-day	holy-day	Ps. xiii. 4.
	honeycomb	honeycomb	honey-comb	honey-comb	Prov. xxiv. 13.
	honour	honour	honour	honour	Num. xxii. 17.
	horse bridles	horse bridles	horse-bridles	horse bridles	Rev. xiv. 20.
	horse gate	horse gate	horse-gate	horse-gate	Neh. iii. 28.
	horsehoofs	horsehoofs	horse-hoofs	horse-hoofs	Judges v. 22.
	horseleach	horseleach	horse-leach	horse-leach	Prov. xxx. 15.
	Hosea	Hosea	Hosea	Hosea	Hosea i. 1.
	Osee	Osee	Osee	Osee	Rom. ix. 25.
	houshold	houshold	household	household	Gen. xiv. 11.
	house top	house top	house-top	house top	Ps. cii. 7.
	housetop	housetop	house-top	house-top	Prov. xxi. 9.
	hundredfold	hundredfold	hundred-fold	hundred-fold	Gen. xxvi. 12.
	hungerbitten	hungerbitten	hunger-bitten	hunger-bitten	Job. xviii. 12.
	hungered	hungered	hungered	hungered	Matt. xxi. 18.
	hungred	hungred	hungred	hungered	Matt. xxv. 35.
	hungred	hungred	hungred	hungered	Mark ii. 25.
	Hymeneus	Hymenæus	Hymeneus	Hymeneus	1 Tim. i. 20.
	Idumea	Idumea	Idumea	Idumea	Ezek. xxxvi. 5.
	Idumea	Idumæa	Idumea	Idumea	Mark iii. 8.
	ill favoured	ill favoured	ill-favoured	ill-favoured	Gen. xii. 3.
	incense altar	incense altar	incense-altar	incense-altar	Exod. xxxv. 15.
	inclosed	inclosed	inclosed	inclosed	Ps. xxii. 16.
	increase	increase	increase	increase	Lev. xxvi. 4.
	infolding	infolding	infolding	infolding	Ezek. i. 4.
	ingathering	ingathering	in-gathering	ingathering	Exod. xxiii. 16.
	injoined	injoined	enjoined	enjoined	Heb. ix. 20.
	instructer	instructer	instructor	instructer	Gen. iv. 22.
	instructors	instructers	instructers	instructers	1 Cor. iv. 15.
	intreat	intreat	intreat	entreat	Exod. viii. 8.
	intreated	intreated	intreated	intreated	Luke xv. 28.
	intreaty	intreaty	intreaty	entreaty	Exod. xxxii. Head.

44

	entreated	entreated	entreated	entreated	Luke xviii. 32.
	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isaiah	Isa. i. 1.
	Esaias	Esaias	Esaias	Esaias	Matt. iii. 3.
	Ishmeelites	Ishmeelites	Ishmeelites	Ishmeelites	Gen. xxxvii. 25.
	jailor	jailor	jailor	jailer	Acts xvi. 23.
	jasper stone	jasper stone	jasper-stone	jasper-stone	Rev. xxi. 11.
	jawbone	jawbone	jaw-bone	jaw-bone	Judges xv. 15.
	jaw teeth	jaw teeth	jaw-teeth	jaw-teeth	Prov. xxx. 14.
	jealousy offering	jealousy offering	jealousy-offering	jealousy-offering	Num. v. 18.
	Jephthae	Jephthae	Jephthae	Jephthae	Heb. xi. 32.
	Jephthah	Jephthah	Jephthah	Jephthah	Judges xi. 1.
	Jeremiah	Jeremiah	Jeremiah	Jeremiah	Jer. i. 1.
	Jeremias	Jeremias	Jeremias	Jeremias	Matt. xvi. 14.
	Jeremy	Jeremy	Jeremy	Jeremy	Matt. xxvii. 9.
	Jeshua	Jeshua	Jeshua	Jeshua	Neh. viii. 17.
	Joshua	Joshua	Joshua	Joshua	Josh. i. 1.
	jointheirs	joint-heirs	joint-heirs	joint-heirs	Rom. viii. 17.
	Jonah	Jonah	Jonah	Jonah	Jonah i. 1.
	Jonas	Jonas	Jonas	Jonas	Matt. xii. 39.
	jubile	jubile	jubile	jubilee	Lev. xxv. 9.
	jubilee	jubile	jubile	jubilee	Lev. xxv. 28.
	Juda	Juda	Juda	Judah	Heb. vii. 14.
	Judah	Judah	Judah	Judah	Gen. xxix. 35.
	Judea	Judæa	Judea	Judea	Matt. ii. 1.
	judgment hall	judgement hall	judgement-hall	judgment hall	Acts xxiii. 35.
	judgments	judgments	judgements	judgments	Exod. xxi. 1.
	judgment seat	judgment seat	judgement-seat	judgment-seat	Matt. xxvii. 19.
	juniper roots	juniper roots	juniper-roots	juniper-roots	Job xxx. 4.
	juniper tree	juniper tree	juniper-tree	juniper-tree	1 Kings xix. 4.
	justle	justle	justle	justle	Nah. ii. 4.
	Kish	Kish	Kish	Kish	1 Sam. ix. 1.
	Cis	Cis	Cis	Cis	Acts xiii. 21.
	kneading troughs	kneadingtroughs	kneading-troughs	kneading-troughs	Exod. xii. 34.
	kneadingtroughs	kneadingtroughs	kneading-troughs	kneading-troughs	Exod. viii. 3.
	laded	laded	laded	laded	Acts xxviii. 10.
	landmarks	landmarks	land-marks	land-marks	Job xxiv. 2.
	launched	launched	launched	launched	Luke viii. 22.
	lawgiver	lawgiver	law-giver	lawgiver	Num. xxi. 18.
	leanfleshed	leanfleshed	lean-fleshed	lean-fleshed	Gen. xii. 3.
	lefthanded	lefthanded	left-handed	left-handed	Judg. xx. 16.
	lentiles	lentiles	lentiles	lentiles	Gen. xxv. 34.
	lest	lest	lest	lest	2 Sam. xv. 14.
	life time	life time	life-time	life-time	Lev. xviii. 18.
	lign aloes	lign aloes	lign aloes	lign-aloes	Num. xxiv. 6.
	likeminded	likeminded	like-minded	like-minded	Rom. xv. 5.
	like wise	like wise	likewise	like wise	Matt. xxi. 24.
	lily work	lily work	lily-work	lily-work	1 Kings vii. 19.
	lion like	lionlike	lion-like	lion-like	2 Sam. xxiii. 20.
	longsuffering	longsuffering	long-suffering	long-suffering	Exod. xxxiv. 6.
	long winged	longwinged	long-winged	long-winged	Ezek. xvii. 3.
	looking glass	looking glass	looking-glass	looking-glass	Job xxxvii. 18.
	lookingglasses	lookingglasses	looking-glasses	looking-glasses	Exod. xxxviii. 8.
	lothe	lothe	loathe	loathe	Ezek. xx. 43.
	lovingkindness	lovingkindness	loving-kindness	loving-kindness	Jer. ix. 24.
	lowring	lowring	lowring	lowring	Matt. xvi. 3.
	lunatick	lunatick	lunatic	lunatick	Matt. iv. 24.
	lurking places	lurking places	lurking-places	lurking-places	1 Sam. xxiii. 23.
	maid child	maid child	maid-child	maid-child	Lev. xii. 5.
	maidservants	maidservants	maid-servants	maid-servants	Gen. xxiv. 35.
	Manasseh	Manasseh	Manasseh	Manasseh	Gen. xli. 51.
	Manasses	Manasses	Manasses	Manasses	Rev. vii. 6.
	man child	man child	man-child	man-child	Gen. xvii. 10.
	manslayer	manslayer	man-slayer	man-slayer	Num. xxxv. 6.
	marishes	marishes	marishes	marishes	Ezek. xlvii. 11.
	marketplace	marketplace	market-place	market-place	Matt. xx. 3.
	masterbuilder	masterbuilder	master builder	master-builder	1 Cor. iii. 10.
	maul	maul	maul	maul	Prov. xxv. 18.
	mealtime	mealtime	meal-time	meal-time	Ruth ii. 14.
	measuring line	measuring line	measuring-line	measuring-line	Jer. xxxi. 39.
	measuring reed	measuring reed	measuring-reed	measuring-reed	Ezek. xl. 5.
	meat offering	meat offering	meat-offering	meat-offering	Exod. xxix. 41.
	Melchisedec	Melchisedec	Melchisedec	Melchisedec	Heb. v. 6.
	Melchizedek	Melchizedek	Melchisedek	Melchizedek	Gen. xiv. 18.
	menchildren	menchildren	men-children	men-children	Exod. xxxiv. 23.
	menpleasers	menpleasers	men-pleasers	men-pleasers	Eph. vi. 6.
	menservants	menservants	men-servants	men-servants	Gen. xxiv. 35.
	men singers	men singers	men-singers	men-singers	Eccl. ii. 8.
	menstealers	menstealers	men-stealers	men-stealers	1 Tim. i. 10.
	merchant man	merchant man	merchant-man	merchant-man	Matt. xiii. 45.
	mercyseat	mercyseat	mercy-seat	mercy-seat	Heb. ix. 5.
	mercy seat	mercy seat	mercy-seat	mercy-seat	Exod. xxv. 19.

45

	mercy seat-ward	mercy seat-ward	mercy-seat-ward	mercy-seat-ward	Exod. xxxvii. 9.
	merryhearted	merryhearted	merry-hearted	merry-hearted	Isa. xxiv. 7.
	Me thinketh	Me thinketh	Me thinketh	Me thinketh	2 Sam. xviii. 27.
	midday	midday	mid-day	mid-day	Neh. viii. 3.
	milch camels	milch camels	milch-camels	milch camels	Gen. xxxii. 15.
	milstone	millstone	milstone	millstone	Mark ix. 42.
	milstone	millstone	millstone	millstone	Deut. xxiv. 6.
	milstone	millstone	mill-stone	millstone	Judg. ix. 53.
	Molech	Molech	Molech	Molech	Lev. xviii. 21.
	Moloch	Moloch	Moloch	Moloch	Amos v. 26.
	moneychangers	moneychangers	money-changers	money-changers	Matt. xxi. 12.
	morning watch	morning watch	morning-watch	morning-watch	1 Sam. xi. 11.
	morter	morter	mortar	mortar	Isa. xii. 25.
	morter	morter	mortar	mortar	Exod. i. 14.
	motheaten	motheaten	moth-eaten	moth-eaten	James v. 2.
	moth eaten	motheaten	moth-eaten	moth-eaten	Job xiii. 28.
	mother in law	mother in law	mother-in-law	mother-in-law	Deut. xxvii. 23.
	mulberry trees	mulberry trees	mulberry-trees	mulberry-trees	2 Sam. v. 23.
	musick	musick	musick	musick	1 Sam. xviii. 6.
	mustard seed	mustard seed	mustard-seed	mustard-seed	Matt. xiii. 31.
	myrtle branches	myrtle branches	myrtle-branches	myrtle-branches	Neh. viii. 15.
	myrtle tree	myrtle tree	myrtle-tree	myrtle-tree	Isa. iv. 13.
	Naphtali	Naphtali	Naphtali	Naphtali	Gen. xxx. 8.
	Nepthalim	Nepthalim	Nephthalim	Nephthalim	Rev. vii. 6.
	needlework	needlework	needle-work	needle-work	Exod. xxvi. 36.
	network	network	net-work	net-work	Exod. xxxviii. 4.
	newborn	newborn	new-born	new-born	1 Pet. ii. 2.
	night hawk	night hawk	night-hawk	night hawk	Lev. xi. 16.
	night season	night season	night-season	night-season	Job xxx. 17.
	night visions	night visions	night-visions	night-visions	Dan. vii. 13.
	night watches	night watches	night-watches	night-watches	Ps. cxix. 148.
	Nineve	Nineve	Nineve	Nineveh	Luke xi. 32.
	Nineveh	Nineveh	Nineveh	Nineveh	Jonah i. 2.
	Noah	Noah	Noah	Noah	Gen. v. 29.
	Noe	Noe	Noe	Noe	Matt. xxiv. 37.
	noonday	noonday	noon-day	noon-day	Ps. xxxvii. 6.
	nose jewels	nose jewels	nose-jewels	nose-jewels	Isa. iii. 21.
	nought	nought	nought	nought	Gen. xxix. 15.
	nursing mothers	nursing mothers	nursing-mothers	nursing-mothers	Isa. xlix. 23.
	oil olive	oil olive	oil-olive	oil-olive	Exod. xxx. 24.
	oil tree	oil tree	oil-tree	oil-tree	Isa. xli. 19.
	oil vessels	oil vessels	oil-vessels	oil-vessels	Num. iv. 9.
	olive berries	olive berries	olive-berries	olive-berries	James iii. 12.
	olive branches	olive branches	olive-branches	olive-branches	Neh. viii. 15.
	olive plants	olive plants	olive-plants	olive plants	Ps. cxxviii. 3.
	olive trees	olive trees	olive-trees	olive-trees	Deut. vi. 11.
	oliveyards	oliveyards	olive-yards	oliveyards	Jos. xxiv. 13.
	only begotten	only begotten	only-begotten	only-begotten	John i. 14.
	only begotten	only begotten	only begotten	only begotten	John i. 18.
	onyx stone	onyx stone	onyx-stone	onyx-stone	Gen. ii. 12.
	Osee	Osee	Osee	Osee	Rom. ix. 25.
	Hosea	Hosea	Hosea	Hosea	Hos. i. 1.
	ought	ought	ought	ought	Matt. v. 23.
	outgoings	outgoings	out-goings	outgoings	Ps. lxv. 8.
	outer	outer	outer	outer	Matt. xxv. 30.
	outstretched	outstretched	out-stretched	outstretched	Deut. xxvi. 8.
	overrunning	overrunning	over-running	over-running	Nah. i. 8.
	palm branches	palm branches	palm-branches	palm-branches	Neh. viii. 15.
	palm trees	palm trees	palm-trees	palm-trees	Exod. xv. 27.
	palmerworm	palmerworm	palmer-worm	palmer-worm	Joel i. 4.
	passover offerings	passover offerings	passover-offerings	passover-offerings	2 Chr. xxxv. 8.
	payed	payed	payed	paid	Prov. vii. 14.
	peace offerings	peace offerings	peace-offerings	peace-offerings	Exod. xx. 24.
	pilled	pilled	pilled	pilled	Gen. xxx. 37.
	pine branches	pine branches	pine-branches	pine-branches	Neh. viii. 15.
	pine tree	pine tree	pine-tree	pine-tree	Isa. lx. 13.
	plaister	plaister	plaister	plaster	Lev. xiv. 42.
	plaiting	plaiting	plaiting	plaiting	1 Pet. iii. 3.
	platted	platted	platted	platted	Matt. xxvii. 29.
	plough	plough	plough	plough	Luke ix. 62.
	plowed	plowed	plowed	plowed	Judges xiv. 18.
	plowman	plowman	plowman	plowman	Isa. xxviii. 24.
	plowshares	plowshares	plow-shares	plough-shares	Joel iii. 10.
	plowshares	plowshares	plowshares	plough-shares	Mic. iv. 3.
	pluckt	pluckt	pluckt	pluckt	Gen. viii. 11.
	plumbline	plumbline	plumb-line	plumb-line	Amos vii. 7.
	pomegranate tree	pomegranate tree	pomegranate-tree	pomegranate tree	1 Sam. xiv. 2.
	pourtray	pourtray	pourtray	pourtray	Ezek. iv. 1.
	pransings	pransings	pransings	prancings	Judg. v. 22.
	preeminence	preeminence	pre-eminence	pre-eminence	Col. i. 18.
	pressfat	pressfat	press-fat	press-fat	Hag. ii. 16.
	Pretorium	Prætorium	Pretorium	Pretorium.	Mark xv. 16.

46

	prised	prised	prized	prised	Zech. xi. 13.
	prison garments	prison garments	prison-garments	prison-garments	Jer. lii. 33.
	prison gate	prison gate	prison-gate	prison-gate	Neh. xii. 39.
	prison house	prison house	prison-house	prison-house	Judg. xvi. 21.
	pruninghooks	pruninghooks	pruning-hooks	pruning-hooks	Micah iv. 3.
	pruninghooks	pruninghooks	pruninghooks	pruning-hooks	Isa. ii. 4.
	pruning hooks	pruning hooks	pruning-hooks	pruning-books	Isa. xviii. 5.
	Rachel	Rachel	Rachel	Rachel	Matt. ii. 18.
	Rahel	Rahel	Rahel	Rachel	Jer. xxxi. 15.
	rasor	razor	razor	razor	Num. vi. 5.
	recompence, n.s.	recompense	recompence	recompence	Deut. xxxii. 35.
	recompense, v.a.	recompense	recompense	recompense	Hosea xii. 2.
	Red sea	Red sea	Red Sea	Red sea	Exod. x. 19.
	repayed	repayed	repaid	repaid	Prov. xiii. 21.
	rereward	rereward	rereward	rere-ward	Jos. vi. 9.
	restingplace	restingplace	resting-place	resting-place	Jer. l. 6.
	resting place	resting place	resting-place	resting-place	Prov. xxiv. 15.
	ribband	ribband	ribband	ribband	Num. xv. 38.
	rie	rie	rye	rye	Exod. ix. 32.
	right hand	right hand	right hand	right hand	Exod. xiv. 22.
	ringstraked	ringstraked	ring-straked	ring-straked	Gen. xxx. 35.
	rudder bands	rudder bands	rudder-bands	rudder-bands	Acts xxvii. 40.
	sabbath day	sabbath day	sabbath-day	sabbath-day	Exod. xx. 8.
	saltpits	saltpits	salt-pits	saltpits	Zeph. ii. 9.
	sapphire stone	sapphire stone	sapphire-stone	sapphire-stone	Ezek. x. 1.
	Sara	Sara	Sara	Sarah	Heb. xi. 11.
	Sarah	Sarah	Sarah	Sarah	Gen. xvii. 15.
	Sarai	Sarai	Sarai	Sarai	Gen. xi 29.
	scapegoat	scapegoa	scape-goat	scape-goat	Lev. xvi. 10.
	scarlet coloured	scarlet	scarlet-coloured	scarlet-coloured	Rev. xvii. 3.
	scrowl	scrowl	scroll	scroll	Rev. vi. 14.
	sea coast	sea coast	sea-coast	sea-coast	Zeph. ii. 6.
	seafaring	seafaring	sea-faring	sea-faring	Ezek. xxvi. 17.
	sea shore	sea shore	sea-shore	sea-shore	Exod. xiv. 30.
	sea side	sea side	sea-side	sea-side	Matt. xiii. 1.
	seat ward	seat-ward	seatward	seat-ward	Exod. xxxvii. 9.
	seething pot	seething pot	seething-pot	seething-pot	Jer. i. 13.
	selfsame	selfsame	self-same	self-same	Exod. xii. 51.
	selfwill	selfwill	self-will	self-will	Gen. xlix. 6.
	selvedge	selvedge	selvedge	selvedge	Exod. xxxvi. 11.
	serjeants	serjeants	serjeants	serjeants	Acts xvi. 35.
	sevenfold	sevenfold	seven-fold	seven-fold	Gen. iv. 15.
	seweth	seweth	seweth	seweth	Mark ii. 21.
	she asses	she asses	she-asses	she-asses	Job i. 3.
	shearing house	shearing house	shearing-house	shearing-house	2 Kings x. 14.
	sheepcotes	sheepcotes	sheep-cotes	sheep-cotes	1 Sam. xxiv. 3.
	sheepfolds	sheepfolds	sheep-folds	sheep-folds	Ps. lxxviii. 70.
	sheep gate	sheep gate	sheep-gate	sheep-gate	Neh. iii. 1.
	sheepshearers	sheepshearers	sheep-shearers	sheep-shearers	2 Sam. xiii. 23.
	sheepskins	sheepskins	sheep-skins	sheep-skins	Heb. xi. 37.
	she goat	she goat	she-goat	she-goat	Gen. xv. 9.
	Shem	Shem	Shem	Shem	Gen. vi. 10.
	Sem	Sem	Sem	Sem	Luke iii. 36.
	shew	shew	shew	shew	Exod. ix. 16.
	shewbread	shewbread	shew-bread	shew-bread	Num. iv. 7.
	ship boards	ship boards	ship-boards	ship-boards	Ezek. xxvii. 5.
	shipmaster	shipmaster	ship-master	shipmaster	Rev. xviii. 17.
	shittah tree	shittah tree	shittah-tree	shittah-tree	Isa. xii. 19.
	shittim wood	shittim wood	shittim-wood	shittim-wood	Exod. xxv. 10.
	shoelatchet	shoelatchet	shoe-latchet	shoe-latchet	Gen. xiv. 23.
	shoulder blade	shoulder blade	shoulder-blade	shoulder-blade	Job xxxi. 22.
	shoulderpieces	shoulderpieces	shoulder-pieces	shoulder-pieces	Exod. xxxix. 18.
	side chamber	side chamber	side-chamber	side-chamber	Ezek. xli. 5.
	side posts	side posts	side-posts	side-posts	Exod. xii. 22.
	Sin	Sin	Sin	Sin	Exod. xvi. 1.
	Zin	Zin	Zin	Zin	Num. xiii. 21.
	Sina	Sina	Sina	Sina	Acts vii. 30.
	Sinai	Sinai	Sinai	Sinai	Exod. xix. 1.
	singing men	singing men	singing-men	singing-men	2 Chr. xxxv. 25.
	singing women	singing women	singing-women	singing-women	2 Chr. xxxv. 25.
	sin money	sin money	sin-money	sin-money	2 Kings xii. 16.
	sin offering	sin offering	sin-offering	sin-offering	Exod. xxix. 14.
	sister in law	sister in law	sister-in-law	sister-in-law	Ruth i. 15.
	sixtyfold	sixtyfold	sixty-fold	sixty-fold	Matt. xiii. 8.
	skull	scull	skull	skull	Mark xv. 22.
	slimepits	slimepits	slime-pits	slime-pits	Gen. xiv. 10.
	snuffdishes	snuffdishes	snuff-dishes	snuff-dishes	Exod. xxv. 38.
	sober minded	sober minded	sober-minded	sober-minded	Titus ii. 6.
	sodering	sodering	sodering	sodering	Isa. xli. 7.
	Sodom	Sodom	Sodom	Sodom	Gen. xiii. 10.
	Sodoma	Sodoma	Sodoma	Sodoma	Rom. ix. 29.
	soles	soles	soles	soles	Isa. lx. 14.
	son in law	son in law	son-in-law	son-in-law	1 Sam. xviii. 18.

47

	sope	sope	soap	soap	Jer. ii. 22.
	sowing time	sowing time	sowing-time	sowing-time	Lev. xxvi. 5.
	spewing	spewing	spewing	spewing	Hab. ii. 16.
	spice merchants	spice merchants	spice-merchants	spice-merchants	1 Kings x. 15.
	spue	spue	spue	spue	Lev. xx. 23.
	spunge	spunge	spunge	spunge	Matt. xxvii. 48.
	stanched	stanched	stanched	stanched	Luke viii. 44.
	stargazers	stargazers	star-gazers	stargazers	Isa. xlvii. 13.
	stedfastly	stedfastly	stedfastly	stedfastly	Acts ii. 42.
	stiffnecked	stiffnecked	stiff-necked	stiff-necked	Exod. xxxiii. 3.
	storehouses	storehouses	store-houses	storehouses	1 Chr. xxvii. 25.
	stouthearted	stouthearted	stout-hearted	stout-hearted	Isa. xlvi. 12.
	stretched out	stretched out	stretched-out	stretched-out	Exod. vi. 6.
	stumbling block	stumbling block	stumbling-block	stumbling block	Isa. lvii. 14.
	stumblingblock	stumblingblock	stumbling-block	stumblingblock	1 Cor. viii. 9.
	stumblingstone	stumblingstone	stumbling-stone	stumbling-stone	Rom. ix. 33.
	subtil	subtil	subtil	subtile	Gen. iii. 1.
	subtilly	subtilly	subtilly	subtilely	Ps. cv. 25.
	summer fruits	summer fruits	summer-fruits	summer-fruits	Jer. xl. 10.
	summer house	summer house	summer-house	summer-house	Amos iii. 15.
	sun dial	sun dial	sun-dial	sun-dial	Isa. xxxviii. 8.
	sunrising	sun rising	sun-rising	sun-rising	Deut. iv. 41.
	swaddling band	swaddlingband	swaddling-band	swaddling-band	Job xxxviii. 9.
	sweet smelling	sweet smelling	sweet-smelling	sweet-smelling	So. of Sol. v. 5.
	swollen	swollen	swollen	swollen	Acts xxviii. 6.
	sycamore	sycomore	sycomore	sycamore	1 Kings x. 27.
	sycamores	sycomores	sycamores	sycomores	Isa. ix. 10.
	sycamore trees	sycomore trees	sycomore-trees	sycomore-trees	2 Chr. i. 15.
	sycomore	sycomore	sycomore	sycamore	Amos vii. 14.
	tabering	tabering	tabering	tabering	Nah. ii. 7.
	tabernacle door	tabernacle door	tabernacle-door	tabernacle-door	Exod. xxxiii. 10.
	talebearer	talebearer	tale-bearer	tale-bearer	Lev. xix. 16.
	taskmasters	taskmasters	task-masters	taskmasters	Exod. iii. 7.
	teil tree	teil tree	teil-tree	teil-tree	Isa. vi. 13.
	tender eyed	tender eyed	tender-eyed	tender-eyed	Gen. xxix. 17.
	tenderhearted	tenderhearted	tender-hearted	tender-hearted	2 Chr. xiii. 7.
	tent door	tent door	tent-door	tent-door	Gen. xviii. 1.
	tenth deal	tenth deal	tenth-deal	tenth-deal	Exod. xxix. 40.
	thank offerings	thank offerings	thank-offerings	thank-offerings	2 Chr. xxix. 31.
	thankworthy	thankworthy	thank-worthy	thank-worthy	1 Pet. ii. 19.
	thee-ward	thee-ward	thee-ward	thee-ward	1 Sam. xix. 4.
	thirtyfold	thirtyfold	thirty-fold	thirty-fold	Matt. xiii. 8.
	thirtyfold	thirtyfold	thirty-fold	thirty-fold	Mark iv. 20.
	thirty two	thirty two	thirty-two	thirty-two	1 Kings xx. 15.
	thoroughly	thoroughly	thoroughly	thoroughly	2 Kings xi. 18.
	threefold	threefold	three-fold	threefold	Eccl. iv. 12.
	threshing	threshing	threshing	thrashing	Lev. xxvi. 5.
	threshingfloor	threshingfloor	threshing-floor	thrashing-floor	Num. xviii. 27.
	throughly	throughly	throughly	throughly	Gen. xi. 3.
	Timeus	Timæus	Timeus	Timeus	Mark x. 46.
	to day	to day	to-day	to-day	Exod. ii. 18.
	to morrow	to morrow	to-morrow	to-morrow	Exod. ix. 5.
	to night	to night	to-night	to-night	Jos. ii. 2.
	town clerk	townclerk	town-clerk	town-clerk	Acts xix. 35.
	traffick	traffick	traffick	traffick	Gen. xlii. 34.
	treasure cities	treasure cities	treasure-cities	treasure-cities	Exod. i. 11.
	treasure house	treasure house	treasure-house	treasure-house	Ezra v. 17.
	trespass money	trespass money	trespass-money	trespass-money	2 Kings xii. 16.
	trespass offering	trespass offering	trespass-offering	trespass-offering	Lev. v. 6.
	tribute money	tribute money	tribute-money	tribute-money	Matt. xvii. 24.
	trucebreakers	trucebreakers	trucebreakers	truce-breakers	2 Tim. iii. 3.
	turtledove	turtledove	turtle-dove	turtle-dove	Gen. xv. 9.
	twoedged	twoedged	two-edged	two-edged	Heb. iv. 12.
	two edged	twoedged	two-edged	two-edged	Rev. i. 16.
	twofold	twofold	two-fold	two-fold	Matt. xxiii. 15.
	two leaved	two leaved	two-leaved	two-leaved	Isa. xlv. 1.
	unblameable	unblameable	unblameable	unblameable	Col. i. 22.
	unblameably	unblameably	unblameably	unblameably	1 Thes. ii. 10.
	unmoveable	unmoveable	unmoveable	unmoveable	1 Cor. xv. 58.
	unrebukeable	unrebukeable	unrebukeable	unrebukeable	1 Tim. vi. 14.
	unreproveable	unreproveable	unreproveable	unreproveable	Col. i. 22.
	unsatiableness	unsatiableness	unsatiableness	unsatiableness	Hab. ii. Head.
	uprising	uprising	up-rising	up-rising	Ps. cxxxix. 2.
	us-ward	us-ward	us-ward	us-ward	Ps. xl. 5.
	utter	utter	utter	outer	Ezek. xl. 31.
	vail	vail	veil	vail	Gen. xxiv. 65.
	vail	vail	vail	vail	2 Cor. iii. 13.
	veil	veil	veil	vail	Matt. xxvii. 51.
	valley gate	valley gate	valley-gate	valley-gate	Neh. iii. 13.
	vain glory	vainglory	vain glory	vain glory	2 Cor. iii. Head.
	venomous	venomous	venomous	venomous	Acts xxviii. 4.
	vials	vials	vials	vials	Rev. v. 8.

48

	villainously	villanously	villanously	villanously	1 Chr. xix. Head.
	villany	villany	villany	villany	Is. xxxii. 6.
	vine branches	vine branches	vine-branches	vine-branches	Nah. ii. 2.
	vinedressers	vinedressers	vine-dressers	vine-dressers	Isa. lxi. 5.
	vine tree	vine tree	vine-tree	vine-tree	Num. vi. 4.
	vintage shouting	vintage shouting	vintage-shouting	vintage-shouting	Isa. xvi. 10.
	wagons	wagons	waggons	waggons	Gen. xlv. 19.
	ware	ware	ware	ware	2 Tim. iv. 15.
	washpot	washpot	wash-pot	wash-pot	Ps. lx. 8.
	washpot	washpot	washpot	wash-pot	Ps. cviii. 9.
	watchtower	watchtower	watch-tower	watch-tower	Isa. xxi. 8.
	watch tower	watch tower	watch-tower	watch-tower	2 Chr. xx. 24.
	water brooks	water brooks	water-brooks	water-brooks	Ps. xlii. 1.
	watercourse	watercourse	water-course	watercourse	Job xxxviii. 25.
	waterflood	waterflood	water-flood	water-flood	Ps. lxix. 15.
	water gate	water gate	water-gate	water-gate	Neh. iii. 26.
	watering troughs	watering troughs	watering-trouoghs	watering-troughs	Gen. xxx. 38.
	waterpot	waterpot	water-pot	water-pot	John iv. 28.
	waterspouts	waterspouts	water-spouts	water-spouts	Ps. xlii. 7.
	watersprings	watersprings	water-springs	water-springs	Ps. cvii. 35.
	wave breast	wave breast	wave-breast	wave-breast	Lev. vii. 34.
	wave loaves	wave loaves	wave-loaves	wave-loaves	Lev. xxiii. 17.
	wave offering	wave offering	wave-offering	wave-offering	Exod. xxix. 24.
	wayfaring	wayfaring	way-faring	way-faring	Judg. xix. 17.
	waymarks	waymarks	way-marks	way-marks	Jer. xxxi. 21.
	wayside	way side	way-side	way-side	Luke viii. 5.
	way side	wayside	way-side	way-side	1 Sam. iv. 13.
	weak handed	weak handed	weak-handed	weak-handed	2 Sam. xvii. 2.
	wedding garment	wedding garment	wedding-garment	wedding-garment	Matt. xxii. 12.
	well advised	well advised	well-advised	well-advised	Prov. xiii. 10.
	well beloved	wellbeloved	well-beloved	well-beloved	Mark xii. 6.
	well favoured	well favoured	well-favoured	well-favoured	Gen. xii. 18.
	well nigh	well nigh	well-nigh	well nigh	Ps. lxxiii. 2.
	wellpleasing	well pleasing	well-pleasing	well-pleasing	Heb. xiii. 21.
	well set	well set	well-set	well-set	Isa. iii. 24.
	wellspring	wellspring	well-spring	well-spring	Prov. xvi. 22.
	wheat harvest	wheat harvest	wheat-harvest	wheat harvest	Judg. xv. 1.
	willing hearted	willing hearted	willing-hearted	willing-hearted	Exod. xxxv. 22.
	winebibber	winebibber	wine-bibber	wine-bibber	Matt. xi. 19.
	wine cellars	wine cellars	wine-cellars	wine-cellars	1 Chr. xxvii. 27.
	winefat	winefat	wine-fat	wine fat	Mark xii. 1.
	wine offerings	wine offerings	wine-offerings	wine-offerings	Hos. ix. 4.
	winepresses	winepresses	wine-presses	wine-presses	Jer. xlviii. 33.
	winter house	winter house	winter-house	winter-house	Amos iii. 15.
	winterhouse	winterhouse	winter-house	winter-house	Jer. xxxvi. 22.
	wise hearted	wise hearted	wise-hearted	wise-hearted	Exod. xxxv. 10.
	Woe	Woe	Woe	Woe	Num. xxi. 29.
	womenservants	womenservants	women-servants	women-servants	Gen. xx. 14.
	women singers	women singers	women-singers	women-singers	Eccl. ii. 8.
	wonderously	wonderously	wonderously	wondrously	Judges xiii. 19.
	wondrous	wondrous	wondrous	wondrous	Ps. lxxii. 18.
	wood offering	wood offering	wood-offering	wood-offering	Neh. x. 34.
	workfellow	workfellow	work-fellow	work-fellow	Rom. xvi. 21.
	you-ward	you-ward	you-ward	you-ward	2 Cor. xiii. 3.
	Zabulon	Zabulon	Zabulon	Zabulon	Rev. vii. 8.
	Zebulun	Zebulun	Zebulun	Zebulun	Gen. xxx. 20.
	Zacharias	Zacharias	Zacharias	Zacharias	Luke i. 5.
	Zecharias	Zacharias	Zacharias	Zacharias	Luke xi. 51.
	Zion	Zion	Zion	Zion	Ps. lxix. 35.
	Sion	Sion	Sion	Sion	Ps. lxv. 1.

“The Hebrew word, which is in our English Bible rendered ‘The Lord,’ is in the Hebrew the High and Holy name of God himself, the most solemn of all words—Jehovah. It is a general rule throughout the Old Testament, that, wheresoever the word ‘Lord’ is printed in capital letters, it will be found on looking into the Hebrew Bible, that the word there written was Jehovah. And for this difference, between the translation and the original work, the following reason is given. The later Jews have a fancy that this name of Jehovah is so sacred and aweful, that it could never be spoken, excepting by the High Priest once in a year, without the sin of taking God’s name in vain. And accordingly when, at this day, they read the Scriptures in their Synagogues, whenever the word Jehovah is used, they say Adonai, or Lord, in its place. But the learned men, by whom our English Bible was translated, had 49 been instructed in Hebrew by the Jews; and were so far moved by their example, as to feel the same anxiety, with their teachers, to prevent this name from being commonly spoken. Instead, therefore, of writing ‘Jehovah,’ they have written for the most part ‘The Lord:’ but they have written it in capital letters that the Lord of Heaven and Earth might be distinguished from all His creatures.”—Bishop Heber’s Sermons, vol. ii.

England is the only Protestant country in Europe where the printing of Bibles is a monopoly.

For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of Bibles, see Paper.

BILL,

with letter founders, a specific proportionate number of types, the datum from which the proportion is estimated being 3,000 lower case ems. A bill of Pica weighs 800 pounds, including italic, which is in the proportion of one tenth of the roman. The term “bill” is not used among printers, although it is by the letter founders; this would be styled by printers, a fount of Pica of eight hundred weight.

Smith is, as far as I am aware, the first writer who published the number of each sort that the founders cast to 3,000 ems; and he also made some alterations in the numbers previously cast by the letter founders, “by enlarging the numbers of some sorts, and by lessening the quantity of others,” “to try whether a fount of letter would turn out more perfect than it sometimes does.”

Later writers have copied Smith’s numerical list of sorts, as well as his altered numbers, and by copying his words without mentioning his name each of them appears to the public as having suggested an improvement, while, in fact, the founders pay no regard to these proportions, but cast from a scale of their own.

The late Earl Stanhope gave another scale of numbers, produced by counting the letters and points to a certain extent in Enfield’s Speaker; but as he discarded the ligatures, and added what he called “Logotypes,” his numbers are not followed.

I do not know on what datum the number of each letter was originally obtained, as cast by the founders; but it is well known in practice that a great number of imperfections are always wanted in a printing office; and from the construction of language it appears there always will be a great number of particular sorts deficient, whatever the proportions may be at first. In proof of this it may be stated, that a new fount of letter shall be cast for the purpose of printing a work; in composing this letter it shall be found that there is a great deficiency of some letters, and a superabundance of others: to bring the whole fount into use, for the purpose of composing as many pages as possible, the deficient sorts are cast, till the proportions answer to each other. When this work is finished, another author’s work is to be printed with the same letter: the disproportion is again felt; those which at the first were deficient are now superabundant, and those which were abundant will be deficient; so that the master printer, to keep the whole of his letter in use is obliged to be continually casting those deficiencies and thus enlarging his founts.

The disuse of the long ſ, which took place some years ago, and also of , has varied the proportions considerably of the letters composing their combinations, b, h, i, k, l, and t.

The following Table shows the old numbers, also Smith’s and Earl Stanhope’s; those at present cast by the letter founders, I give on the authority of Messrs. Caslon and Livermore.

50

A Bill of Pica, containing 3,000 lower case ems. Weight 800 Pounds. Italic One Tenth of Roman.

	Old Number.	Smith’s Number.	Earl Stanhope’s Number.	Letter Founder’s present Number.
a	7,000	7,500	6,972	8,500
b	1,600	1,200	1,560	1,600
c	2,400	1,500	8,234	3,000
d	4,000	4,800	4,416	4,400
e	12,000	13,000	11,367	12,000
f	2,000	2,500	1,623	2,500
g	1,600	1,300	1,707	1,700
h	6,000	6,500	3,375	6,400
i	6,000	4,000	6,459	8,000
j	600	300	450	400
k	1,000	900	710	800
l	3,000	3,500	4,146	4,000
m	3,000	2,000	3,000	3,000
n	6,000	6,500	4,563	8,000
o	6,000	7,000	6,102	8,000
p	1,600	1,000	1,965	1,700
q	600	300	600	300
r	5,000	6,000	4,779	6,200
ſ	2,400	2,400	—	—
s	3,000	2,500	6,876	8,000
t	7,000	7,500	6,078	9,000
u	3,000	2,000	3,612	3,400
v	1,000	1,000	1,278	1,200
w	1,600	2,000	2,166	2,000
x	400	400	420	400
y	1,600	2,000	2,091	2,000
z	400	200	180	200
&	400	200	150	200
ſt	800	800	—	—
	600	600	—	—
	500	500	—	—
fi	500	400	—	500
ff	500	300	—	400
	200	150	—	—
fl	200	150	—	200
	200	150	—	—
ffl	200	100	—	100
	200	200	—	—
ffi	200	200	—	150
	200	150	—	—
	200	100	—	—
	300	300	—	—
æ	300	150	—	100
œ	200	100	—	60
á	—	—	—	100
é	—	—	—	250
í	—	—	—	100
ó	—	—	—	100
ú	—	—	—	100
à	—	—	—	200
è	—	—	—	100
ì	—	—	—	100
ò	—	—	—	100
ù	—	—	—	100
â	—	—	—	200
ê	—	—	—	200
î	—	—	—	100
ô	—	—	—	100
û	—	—	—	100
ä	—	—	—	100
ë	—	—	—	100
ï	—	—	—	100
ö	—	—	—	100
ü	—	—	—	100
ç	—	—	—	100
,	4,000	5,000	3,600	4,500
;	1,000	1,000	600	800
:	1,000	600	300	600
.	2,000	2,000	1,500	2,000
-	1,000	1,000	600	1,000
?	500	400	180	200
!	300	200	120	150
’	1,000	800	300	700
‡	60	60	60	100
†	200	100	120	100
*	200	200	—	100
[	200	200	120	150
‖	300	100	—	100
§	200	100	90	100
(	300	300	210	300
¶	200	50	60	60
1	1,200	1,500	900	1,300
2	1,200	1,300	840	1,200
3	1,200	1,300	810	1,100
4	1,000	1,100	780	1,000
5	1,000	1,100	750	1,000
6	1,000	1,200	720	1,000
7	1,000	1,100	690	1,000
8	1,000	1,000	660	1,000
9	1,000	1,000	630	1,000
0	1,200	1,600	900	1,300
£	—	—	—	—
A	800	850	450	600
B	500	450	240	400
C	600	800	450	500
D	500	450	300	500
E	800	700	450	600
F	500	450	300	400
G	600	600	240	400
H	600	550	240	400
I	800	1,000	1,200	800
J	500	500	150	300
K	500	450	150	300
L	500	600	300	500
M	500	700	240	400
N	500	500	240	400
O	600	500	300	400
P	600	800	270	400
Q	300	300	180	180
R	600	600	240	400
S	600	800	300	500
T	800	1,000	600	650
U	500	400	150	300
V	500	500	150	300
51 W	500	600	180	400
X	200	300	90	180
Y	500	300	90	300
Z	200	100	60	80
Æ	100	100	—	40
Œ	50	50	—	30
A	—	—	300	300
B	—	—	90	200
C	—	—	120	250
D	—	—	150	250
E	—	—	450	300
F	—	—	90	200
G	—	—	90	200
H	—	—	210	200
I	—	—	270	400
J	—	—	60	150
K	—	—	90	150
L	—	—	150	250
M	—	—	120	200
N	—	—	300	200
O	—	—	300	200
P	—	—	90	200
Q	—	—	120	90
R	—	—	240	200
S	—	—	270	250
T	—	—	360	326
U	—	—	150	150
V	—	—	60	150
W	—	—	90	200
X	—	—	60	90
Y	—	—	90	150
Z	—	—	60	40
Æ	—	—	—	20
Œ	—	—	—	15

Spaces	Old Number.	Smith’s Number.	Earl Stanhope’s Number.	Letter Founder’s present Number.
Thick	15,000	12,000	18,000	18,000
Middle	10,000	10,000	12,000	12,000
Thin	5,000	8,000	8,100	8,000
Hair	2,000	2,000	3,000	3,000
m qd.	2,000	2,000	3,000	2,500
n qd.	5,000	5,000	6,000	5,000
Large quad.
2 em	10lb.	10lb.	2,700	about 80lb.
3 em	30lb.	80lb.	900
4 em	4lb.	4lb.	600
Metal rules.
1 em	—	—	150	—
2 em	—	—	90	—
3 em	—	—	60	—

In Lists of Names, Indexes, and similar matter, the number of capitals specified in this Bill would be greatly deficient; as would also be the case with the accented letters for works in the Latin and French languages. The figures and the em and en quadrats would be found very inadequate for table work: in fact, in all these cases it would be imperative to cast additional numbers.

Earl Stanhope introduced the following sorts, each in one piece, of which he gives the following numbers to be cast for a fount of the preceding weight:—an, 1,620—in, 1,731—of, 1,035—on, 897—re, 1,509—se, 1,152—th, 3,024—to, 1,095.— See Logotype.

His Lordship, in fact, attempted to introduce too many alterations in printing. I had the honour of knowing him for some years, and he frequently described to me his intended improvements: one was, to make the bottom of the boxes in the cases concave, so that the types should always be convenient for the compositor to pick up; another was, to lay four different sized types in the same pair of cases; another, to alter the curve at the top of the f, and discard its ligatures; another, to cast certain Logotypes. Some of these were not improvements in practice; and the others, except they had been generally adopted, would have destroyed uniformity in works that were printed in different houses, in addition to the great expense and inconvenience both to letter founders and printers. In attempting too much, none of his plans were adopted, so far as related to composing.

Discarding the long ſ has also abolished , , , , , , , ſt, and has consequently increased the number of the round s, and the connected letters.

52

Canon 20 em Bill, for Job-work.

a	40	&	4	1	12	A	14
b	14	fi	6	2	10	B	10
c	20	ff	6	3	10	C	10
d	24	fl	4	4	10	D	10
e	60	ffi	4	5	10	E	14
f	20	ffl	3	6	10	F	10
g	16	æ	3	7	10	G	10
h	30	œ	2	8	10	H	10
i	40	,	30	9	10	I	14
j	10	;	16	0	12	J	8
k	10	:	14			K	8
l	24	.	24			L	10
m	20	-	16			M	10
n	40	?	6			N	10
o	40	!	6			O	10
p	15	’	16			P	10
q	8	*	3			Q	6
r	30	†	3			R	10
s	40	‡	3			S	12
t	40	§	3			T	14
u	20	‖	3			U	8
v	12	¶	—			V	8
w	14	(	6			W	10
x	8	[	4			X	6
y	14					Y	8
z	4					Z	4
						Æ	3
						Œ	2

Spaces.

Thick	120
Middle	80
Thin	60
Hair	30
m qds.	20
n qds.	40

Bill of Exchange.

See Forgery.

BINDING.

In locking-up a form, if the head-stick be longer than the width of the page and the thickness of the back-stick; or the side or foot stick extend beyond the page and the other be a little too long; or any part of the furniture double over some other part, so as to prevent the quoins wedging the matter tight, it is termed Binding: the head-stick binds; the side-sticks bind, &c.—M.

BITE.

If the frisket is not sufficiently cut away, but covers some part of the form, so that it prints on the frisket, it is called a Bite.—M. It inter­poses between the form and the paper to be printed on, and prevents the latter receiving the inked impression intended to be transferred to it. A pressman looks carefully over his first sheet to see that all is right, and if there be a bite he cuts it out of the frisket with his scissors; if one should at first escape his eye, it is cut out as soon as it is perceived.

BLACK LETTER

is the name now applied to the Old English or Modern Gothic character, which was introduced into England about the middle of the fourteenth century, and became the character generally used in manuscript works before the art of printing was publicly practised in Europe. On the application of that art to the multiplying of books, about the middle of the fifteenth century, the Block Books, and, subsequently, those printed with moveable types, were in this letter, to imitate writing, and were disposed off as manuscripts. When the first William Caslon commenced the business of type founding he made great improvements in their shape, and his Gothic or black letter remains unequalled, viewing it as an imitation of ancient writing, the purest shape for the character originally intended for a counterfeit manuscript. I am sorry to see our present founders giving way to a barbarous caprice of fancy, by introducing arbitrary shapes, which were unknown to our ancestors when this character was in general use; for it appears inconsistent to call the following Letters Old English, or Gothic, .

The Alphabet.

Astle, in his Origin and Progress of Writing, says, “The Modern Gothic, which spread itself all over Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth 53 centuries, is improperly so called, because it does not derive its origin from the writing anciently used by the Goths and Visigoths, in Italy and Spain, but this Modern Gothic is the most barbarous or worst kind of writing; it took its rise in the decline of the arts, among the lazy schoolmen, who had the worst taste; it is nothing more than the Latin writing degenerated. This writing began in the twelfth century, and was in general use (especially among monks and schoolmen) in all parts of Europe, till the restoration of the arts, in the fifteenth century, and longer in Germany and the northern nations: Our statute books are still printed in Gothic letters.” Astle’s work was published in 1784.

Blacks in the British Founderies.

Blackwell, Beale.

See Donations.

BLANKETS.

Flannel steeped in urine, in which pelt balls are wrapped up at nights, and when they are not in use, to keep them soft.

Woollen cloth, or white baize, to lay between the tympans.—M. The blankets used for fine work are either superfine woollen cloth or fine kerseymere; for the finest work, paper alone is used. See Presswork.

BLANK PAGES.

When blank pages occur in a work, particularly in duodecimos and smaller sizes, the compositor will find it an advantage to set them up the exact size of the pages of the work, and made up to his gauge, so that he will have his register good without the trouble that attends filling the blank up with pieces of Furniture by guess work, which causes extra trouble to the pressman.

BLOCKED-UP.

Letter is said to be blocked-up, when in the progress of a work it is all composed, and from any cause none of the forms can be worked to disengage part of it, in order to proceed. This may arise—from the Author not returning the proofs regularly—from the Reader not reading them for press—from a flush of presswork in other works—from the non-attendance or negligence of the pressmen—or from compositors, in a companionship, keeping each too much copy in his hands, whereby all the letter is composed before they join their matter. From whatever cause it arises it is a great detriment, and unhinges the regular train of work, and ought always to be avoided as much as possible.

The term is also applied when the Pressmen use too much ink in working a form; and when a form has been neglected to be washed, and the ink left to dry on the face—It is blocked-up with ink.

Blocks,

for stereotype printing, see Risers.

BOARD RACK.

A case made of strong deal boards, with broad ledges nailed on the inside of the two sides, to slide letter boards in: they are for the purpose of putting boards in with pages and jobs on; as the matter is safer and less likely to be broken, and more out of the way than 57 when scattered about on bulks, and also takes up less room. The sizes are usually such as will admit demy and royal boards; but in houses where works on large paper are printed, they have board racks that will admit suitably larger boards.

BODKIN.

A piece of steel wire filed tapering to a point; the thick end being fixed in a short wooden handle. Its use is to pick wrong letters out of a page in correcting, in order to their being replaced by right ones. A fine hackle tooth makes the best bodkin, and the finer the point the better.

BODY.

The size of the shank of any type from the back of it to the front, or the square of the m quadrat: thus English Body, Pica Body, &c.—M. See Types. Typographical Points.

BODY OF THE WORK.

The subject matter of a work is usually so termed, to distinguish it from the notes, the preface, introduction, contents, and index.

BOLSTER.

A piece of stout leather strap nailed to the near long rib of a wooden press, at the fore end, and padded under so as to raise it sufficiently high; its use is to check the running out of the carriage, by friction, at the proper place to permit the tympan to rise clear of the platen, when the pressmen are in a train of work, a similar piece being nailed under the carriage. In iron presses a bar projects between the ribs on which is secured an inclined plane of wood, and in some iron presses a spring is screwed on the near long rib for the purpose. It prevents the sudden jerk upon the back stay, and also upon the carriage when it is run out.

BOLTS.

The pieces of furniture that are placed between the head lines of the pages in a form of twelves, to form the margin at the head of the pages, are called Bolts.

The bolts are cut to the width of the page, so that the gutters go a little way between them, and secure the sides of the pages the whole length: I would recommend to the compositor to cut his bolts square at the ends, and of such a length that they shall go into the measure of his composing stick easily; he will thus prevent the folios or any letters at the extremities of the head lines falling down, as well as the bolts binding against the gutters.

BOOK HOUSE.

A printing office in which the printing of books is the chief business carried on: in many houses in London the materials for this purpose are most abundant; but at the same time they very rarely keep any great assortment of large type for jobs. See Job House.

BOOK PRESS.

The Book Press, in the warehouse department, used for pressing books previously to their delivery, is the common screw press with a perpen­dicular screw, screwed down by means of an iron bar; it is also used for pressing paper when wetted, for the purpose of improving its condition previously to the process of printing, and also in cylindrical or machine printing to cause the paper, and particularly large sheets, to lie flat, which are otherwise apt to wrinkle in being carried round the cylinders upon a flat surface. In large establishments Bramah’s hydrostatic press is generally used for these purposes, as being much more powerful and expeditious both in its use and in its effect. See Hydrostatic Press.

Books. (Ireland.) 4 Geo. 4. c 72. “An Act to repeal the several Duties and Drawbacks of Customs, chargeable and allowable in Ireland, on the Importation and Exportation of certain Foreign and Colonial Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, and to grant other Duties and Drawbacks in lieu thereof, equal to the Duties and Drawbacks chargeable and allowable thereon in Great Britain.”

59

Duties of Customs on Goods, &c. imported into Ireland.

	Duty.
Books, printed, or Manuscripts, viz.	£	s.	d.
———— half-bound, or in any way bound, the Cwt.	6	10	0
———— unbound, the Cwt.	5	0	0

No Drawback.

The same Duties from the East Indies.

BOOKING.

The act of putting the different gatherings of a work together, in the warehouse, so as to make complete books. This is done by laying the gatherings in order upon a table, and, commencing with the first, taking them up in order; by adopting this method they are gathered under hand, as it may be termed, the succession being placed at the bottom as the person proceeds. The reverse of this method, is, however, to be preferred; to commence at the end of the work, and as the gathering is held in the hand, and rests on the arm, to lay the others upon it as they are taken up, so that in this way the commencement of the book will be the last to be gathered.

BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES,

with the Abbreviations by which they are generally referred to.

82

BOTANY.

The following is a list of the Technical Terms most commonly employed in Botany:—

BOTCH.

A piece of bad workmanship; or where improper materials are used and do not answer well.

BOTTLE ARSED.

An epithet applied to letter, when, either through a fault in casting, or dressing, it is wider at the bottom of the shank than it is at the top.

This is an old term, and as such I have inserted it; but, owing to the superior skill, or the greater care, of the present letter founders, such a thing now never occurs.

BOTTOM LINE.

The last line in the page, except that in which the signature, or the catch word or direction word, is inserted.

BOTTOM NOTES.

The notes at the bottom or foot of a page. They are usually composed in a type two sizes smaller than that used for the body of the work: thus, if the work be printed with a Pica type, the notes will be composed in Long Primer; if with English, the notes will be Small Pica. They are also termed Foot Notes.

BOURGEOIS.

The name of a type, a size larger than Brevier, and smaller than Long Primer. It is not enumerated in Moxon’s list of the sizes of types. See Types.

BOWL.

A small wooden bowl, which it is usual to have in composing rooms, in which to carry water to different parts for the purpose of wetting matter.

BOWL OF THE BALL STOCK.

The hollow part of the ball stock, in the crown of which the handle is inserted; it is filled with wool, and the pelt, or canvass, is nailed to it. An old one is generally used for a paste bowl in the press-room.

BOW THE LETTER.

When compositors pick a bad letter out of a form in correcting, it is usual to rub the face of it on the stone and to bend the shank, if it be not a thick letter; this is done to prevent such letters being distributed and used again; in Moxon’s time it was styled bowing a letter. After the form is locked-up and the stone cleared, these bowed (or bent) letters are thrown into the shoe.

BOWYER.

Extract from the Will of Mr. William Bowyer, Printer, who died on the 18th of November, 1777, when he had nearly completed his 78th year.

BOX.

The divisions of a case, in which the letters lie, are termed Boxes; as the a box, the e box, the i box, &c.

Box.

The female screw in the head of a press, in which the spindle works. It is made of brass, and is usually cast on the screw of the spindle, round on the outside with a projecting part of about half an inch on the whole length of each opposite side, to keep it firm in the head, and prevent it turning round. It is fitted tightly into the head, and kept in its place by two bolts, driven into the under side, with return heads which project over the bottom of the box. It is also called the Nut of the Spindle.

BOXWOOD.

The best boxwood used in engraving is of a good yellow colour, of a fine close grain, that has been of a slow growth, clear of knots and any imperfections, such as cracks or flaws; the finest lines may be engraved on this wood, as it is both hard and tough, and, with care in printing, the number of impressions that may be taken from an engraving on it would appear incredible. Papillon, in his History of Engraving on Wood, gives a specimen, from which, he states, there had been upwards of three hundred and seventy thousand impressions previously printed; and if the block had been carefully cleaned, and well printed, it would still have produced respectable impressions. Boxwood of a dull bad yellow colour, and of an open coarse grain, is not fit for engraving on, neither 90 is wood that is of a blackish colour at the heart; for, in these cases, it has begun to decay, is brittle and tender, and if engraved on, the lines would not stand, but would fail in printing. Our principal supply of boxwood comes from the Levant, and is called Turkey box.

BRACE.

A character cast in metal thus marked . The compositor is to have these cast of several breadths, viz. to several number of lines of a designed body (most commonly of Pica body) that they may hook in or brace so many lines as his copy may show him.—M.

It is used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or three lines which have the same rhyme.

Braces are also used to connect a number of words with one common term, and are introduced to prevent a repetition in writing or printing.—Murray.

Braces are cast to different bodies as high as English; and braces on Long Primer are now cast from three to eight ems in length, which look much neater than the old fashion of middles and corners, filled up with metal rules.

The founders in casting long Braces always make the swell in the face of them proportionably thick to their length, so that in using them with small letter they look heavy and clumsy; I would recommend that long Braces should be cast to a small body, not larger than Brevier, and the faces of all the lengths uniform, so that when there happens to be a range of them of different lengths in a page they might harmonize, and not make such an incongruous appearance as they now do. When Braces are wanted longer than those already cast, I would not use middles and corners, but make them of Brass Rule in one continued piece, which has a better appearance than when they are joined, and which may be made with a file in a neat manner by any clever compositor.

Bracket.

See Crotchet.

Bramah’s Press.

See Hydrostatic Press.

BRANCHING-OUT.

Opening or extending the matter in title-pages, heads of pages, or other parts, and also in jobs, with quadrats, leads, reglet, or other proper materials.

BRASS RULES.

Pieces of brass of different thicknesses made letter high, to print with.—M. They are made in lengths of fourteen inches, but of late years lengths half as long again have been made; one of the edges is bevilled so as to print a fine line, and when a thicker line is required the bottom edge is placed uppermost, which is the full thickness of the brass; by this means lines of different thicknesses are obtained, and also double lines, a thick one and a fine one when required. They are used for column lines in table work; to separate matter that requires to be distinct; and to be placed round pages.

I have found in practice that the best way of forming a good joining at the corners with brass rule, is to cut the rules a little longer than the precise length wanted, and to let one piece project a little at each corner; to push the other piece close up, and, when the form is locked up, then to file the projecting parts away, which makes the corners equal, as shown below.

Wherever two rules join, the end of that which abuts on the other should be cut with a little bevil, so that the upper side should project a 91 little to form a junction with the face of the other; this also prevents the rule binding at bottom.

An ingenious compositor will make many things out of brass rules, such as neat long braces, instead of using middles, corners, and metal rules, which rarely join well, swell rules of different varieties, and many fancy rules, as occasion may require.

In cases where diagrams are required, and there is no engraver within reach, they may be formed by a clever workman, with brass rule. There have been of late years many ingenious and elaborate performances with this article in imitation of architectural drawings of buildings, with pillars, &c.; and I believe no one has displayed more ingenuity and skill in the production of such works than Mr. Ebenezer Parkes, of Fetter Lane.

BRAYER.

A round wooden rubber with an upright handle, almost of the fashion of a ball stock, but solid and flat at the bottom, and not above three inches in diameter. It is used on the ink block, to bray or rub out ink with so as to spread it out in such a manner that a small quantity may be taken up when the ball is pressed upon the block, tolerably diffused upon the surface, and not in a mass, which causes the ink to be more expeditiously distributed, with less risk of making monks and friars.

BREAK.

A piece of a line.—M. The last line of a paragraph.

Breve.

See Accented Letters.

BREVIER.

The name of a type, a size smaller than Bourgeois, and larger than Minion. In Moxon’s time 112 Brevier bodies measured a foot. See Types.

BRING-UP.

To bring-up a form of types is to place overlays over those parts on which the pressure is deficient in order to increase it and to equalize it over the whole surface of the form.

With wood-cuts, in which an equal pressure over the whole surface is not wanted, it is to place underlays on the bottom of the block, under those parts which require to come stronger than the rest, these are the dark parts and the foreground, and to cut away the tympan sheet over the light parts and the distances when requisite, and to overlay those parts which require to be firm, with smooth thin paper. I have always found India paper the best, but the minute hard particles and all the extraneous substances, should be taken out by scraping it carefully with a knife, so as to render it quite smooth and even, otherwise the engraving will be injured.

In order to produce the finest impression possible, it is necessary that it should be the impression of the surface of the types and the engraving, and the surface only; therefore it is requisite to have very little blanket in the tympans, and that of the finest kerseymere or woollen cloth, or paper alone, so that it shall not be pressed in between the lines, which, when the pressman neglects this precaution, produces rough coarse lines; of course the overlays should be as few as possible and of very thin paper. See Fine Presswork, Making Ready, Overlay, Underlay.

BROAD.

The technical name of a piece of furniture equal in width to a broad quotation.

BROADSIDE.

A form of one full page, printed on one side of a whole sheet of paper, whatever size the paper may be of: thus, we have demy broadsides—royal broadsides—double crown broadsides, &c.

BROKEN LETTER.

By broken letter is not meant the breaking of 93 the shanks of any of the letters, but the breaking of the orderly succession in which the letters stood in a line, page, or form, &c. and mingling the letters together, these mingled letters being called pie.—M. Instead of Broken Letter it is now styled Broken Matter.

BROKEN MATTER.

The deranging the order of types after they are composed, so as to make it pie. Moxon styles it Broken Letter, which see.

BROKEN NECK.

A ball is said to be broken-necked, when the wool in the bowl of the ball stock separates from the body of wool in the ball; so that when the ball is held in a horizontal position by the handle it hangs down in a flabby manner.

BULK.

A platform fixed to the end of a frame on which to put a letter board with letter; there is another sort sometimes adopted, called a Loose Bulk, which is a small table made of deal, for the same purpose, but moveable to any part where it is most convenient to use it.

BULLET.

When a workman, at case or press, either for neglect, want of punctuality, or for gross misconduct, is discharged instanter, and the usual notice of “a fortnight” is not given, it is said, He has got the Bullet.

BUNDLE.

A bundle of paper consists of two reams. See Paper, Ream.

Bur.

See Rag.

BUTTON OF THE TYMPAN.

An iron button with a female screw, screwed on a square shanked bolt, that goes through the bottom frame of the outer tympan, in wooden presses, and turns on the upper side of the inner tympan, to assist in keeping it tight in its place.

In very fine work also, when the paper is stout and heavy and large sheets, and it is not customary to fly the frisket, but to turn it down upon the paper before the tympan is turned down upon the form, a button is placed upon the lower frame of the outer tympan, which clasps the extreme end of the frisket, and confines the sheet of paper in its place on the tympan, and prevents it slipping down.