VIRO REVERENDO ET ERUDITO
ROBERTO NARES,
UTRIUSQUE SOCIETATIS
TAM REGIÆ QUAM ANTIQUARIÆ
SOCIO, &c. &c. &c.
hunc
VICESIMUM TERTIUM
NATURÆ VIVARII
FASCICULUM
d. d. d.
GEORGIUS SHAW,
E. NODDER.
to
THE REV. ROBERT NARES,
F.R. and F.A.S.
ARCHDEACON OF STAFFORD,
CANON RESIDENTIARY OF LICHFIELD,
&c. &c. &c.
THIS TWENTY-THIRD VOLUME
of the
NATURALIST’S MISCELLANY
IS INSCRIBED,
AS A TESTIMONY OF FRIENDSHIP,
by
GEORGE SHAW,
E. NODDER.
r
Rostrum subulatum, rectum; mandibulis subæqualibus.
Nares obovatæ.
Lingua lacero-emarginata.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Motacilla ferrugineo-fusca subtus alba, cauda cuneata, stria supra infraque oculos nigra.
Le Double-Sourcil.
Levaill. Av. Afr. t. 128.
Hujus avis ostendit tabula veram et naturalem magnitudinem. Generant eam partes Africæ interiores. Femina caret striis oculariis nigris.
Bill subulate, strait; mandibles nearly equal.
Nostrils nearly oval.
Tongue jagged or lacerated towards the tip.
Ferruginous-brown Warbler, white beneath, with cuneated tail, and black stripe above and below the eyes.
Le Double-Sourcil.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 128.
This bird is represented on the plate in its natural size. It is an inhabitant of the interior parts of Africa. The female is distinguished by the want of the black eye-stripes.
Antennæ clavatæ, capitulo fissili.
Tibiæ anticæ sæpius dentatæ.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Scarabæus viridissimus, nitens, capite subquadrato, cornu frontali bifurco fusco.
Cetonia micans. C. viridis nitens, clypeo porrecto recurvo bifido, tibiis anticis serratis.
Fabr. spec. ins. p. 50.
Africana est hæc Scarabæi species, et magnitudine vera in tabula depingitur.
Antennæ divided at the tip or head into several lamellæ.
Tibiæ (or second joints of the fore legs) generally toothed.
Shining grass-green Beetle, with squarish head, and brown forked frontal horn.
La Cetoine eclatante.
Oliv. Coleopt.
Drury ins. 2. pl. 32. f. 3.
The present species of Beetle is a native of Africa, and is represented in its natural size.
Dentes validi: primores ordine simplici, duplici, triplici, vel quadruplici dispositi.
Molares (plerisque) validi, convexi, læves, in series dispositi, et quasi pavimentum in ore efformantes.
Labia crassa: Opercula mutica, squamosa.
Sparus Juba. S. argenteus, dorso violaceo, pinnis flavo luteoque variatis, cauda bimaculata.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 431.
Perca Juba. P. maculis duabus brunneis in pinna caudali.
Bloch. ichth. 9. t. 311. f. 1.
Guatucupa Juba.
Marcgr. Bras.
Will. ichth.
Maria incolit Americana Sparus Juba, in bipedalem crescens longitudinem.
r
Teeth strong: front-teeth in some species disposed in a single row, in others in a double, treble, or quadruple row.
Grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, and disposed in ranges, forming a kind of pavement in the mouth.
Lips thick: Gill-Covers unarmed, smooth, scaly.
Silvery Sparus, with violet back, fins varied with yellow and orange, and tail marked by two spots.
Juba Sparus.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 431.
Guatucupa Juba.
Marcgr. Jonst. Will. &c.
The Sparus Juba is an inhabitant of the American seas, growing to the length of about two feet.
Animal Limax.
Testa univalvis, convoluta, turbinata.
Apertura effusa, longitudinalis, linearis, edentula, basi integra.
Columella lævis.
Conus subelongatus subcylindricus albidus, fusco minutim reticulatus, fasciis transversis fusco-luteis.
Conus Gloria maris. C. elongatus, cylindrico-conicus, albus, aurantio-fasciatus, maculis albis trigonis subtilissimis fusco cinctis ad apicem usque reticulatus; spiræ concavo-acuminatæ anfractibus superioribus nodulosis.
Lamarck Ann. M. Hist. Nat. 15. p. 438.
Gloria maris, testa cylindrica, &c. &c. &c.
Chemn. 10. p. 73. t. 143. f. 1324. 1325.
In rarissimis et pretiosissimis totius generis merito habetur conus cujus veram magnitudinem ostendit tabula. In maribus generatur Americæ australi adjacentibus.
r
Animal resembling a Limax or Slug.
Shell more or less conic or pyramidal.
Aperture longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base.
Pillar smooth.
Subelongated, subcylindric, whitish Cone, with minute brown reticulations, and transverse orange-brown bands.
Gloria maris.
Chemn. 10. pl. 143. f. 1344. 1345.
Lamarck. Ann. M. Hist. Nat. 15. p. 438.
Bruguiere Encycl. pl. 347. f. 7.
This highly beautiful shell, which may be considered as one of the rarest and most valuable of the genus Conus, is a native of the South-American seas, and is represented on the plate in its natural size.
Rostrum capite longius, subulato-filiforme, apice subincrassato tubuloso: mandibula superior vaginans inferiorem.
Lingua filiformis, filis duobus coalitis tubulosa.
Pedes graciles, breviusculi, ambulatorii.
Cauda pennis decem.
Trochilus rectirostris viridi-aureus, subtus albus, aurium pennis subelongatis violaceis, remigibus nigris, rectricibus lateralibus albis.
Trochilus auritus.
Lath. ind. orn.
Cayanam incolit elegans hæc avis, et magnitudine vera in tabula depingitur.
C2
Bill longer than the head, cylindric, slender, with slightly-thickened tip; the upper mandible sheathing the lower.
Tongue filiform, extensile, consisting of two conjoined slips forming a tube.
Legs slender, rather short: feet formed for walking.
Tail consisting of ten feathers.
Strait-Billed gold-green Humming-Bird, white beneath, with slightly elongated violaceous ear-feathers, black wings, and white lateral tail-feathers.
Oiseau-mouche à oreilles.
Buff. ois.
Viell. pl. 25. 26.
Violet-Eared Humming-Bird.
Lath. syn.
This elegant species is a native of Cayenne, and is represented on the plate in its natural size.
Animal Tethys.
Testa bivalvis, inæquivalvis, subaurita.
Cardo edentulus, fossula cava ovata striisque lateralibus transversis.
Ostrea testa orbiculari subflava vel rubea, fasciis transversis purpureis, auriculis inæqualibus, radiis numerosis.
Ostrea Islandica. O. testa orbiculari, circulis purpureis, radiis centum.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 3326.
Pecten testa suborbiculari aurita, radiis plano-convexis sulcatis numerosis, alternis minoribus integris, interne crocea.
Fabr. Faun. Groenl. p. 415. No. 416.
In maribus arcticis præcipue reperitur Ostrea Islandica, coloribus non raro varians, Ostrea maxima, ut plurimum, paulo minor.
r
Animal allied to a Tethys.
Shell bivalve; valves unequal, subauriculated.
Hinge toothless, with an ovate fossule and transverse lateral streaks.
Scallop with orbicular yellowish or reddish shell, with transverse purple bands, unequal ears, and numerous rays.
Seb. mus. 3. pl. 87. f. 7.
Knorr Vergn. 1. pl. 4. f. 1. and pl. 5. f. 2.
Lister, pl. 1057. f. 4.?
Gualt. test. pl. 73. R.
The Icelandic Scallop is principally found in the northern seas, often varying considerably in colour: its size is somewhat inferior to that of the common Scallop.
Dentes validi: primores ordine simplici, duplici, triplici, vel quadruplici dispositi.
Molares (plerisque) validi, convexi, læves, in series dispositi, et quasi pavimentum in ore efform antes.
Labia crassa; opercula mutica, squamosa.
Sparus viridis, abdomine subflavente, capite fusco cæruleo-lineato.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 451.
Labrus chloropterus. L. dentibus duobus caninis in utraque maxilla, aculeis duobus in pinna ani.
Bloch. ichth. 8. t. 288.
Maria Indica incolit Sparus chloropterus, a Blochio primum descriptus. In pedalem crescit longitudinem.
r
Teeth strong: front-teeth in some species disposed in a single row, in others in a double, treble, or quadruple row.
Grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, and disposed in ranges, forming a kind of pavement in the mouth.
Lips thick: Gill-Covers unarmed, scaly.
Green Sparus, with yellowish abdomen, and brown head striped with blue.
Green-Finned Sparus.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 451.
Der Grünflosser.
Bloch ichth. pl. 288.
The Green-Finned Sparus is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and seems to have been first described by Dr. Bloch. It grows to the length of about twelve inches.
Antennæ subprismaticæ, utroque fine attenuatæ.
Lingua exserta (plerisque).
Palpi duo reflexi.
Alæ deflexæ.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Sphinx alis fuscis atro maculatis, posterioribus rubris margine atro.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 2380.
Fabr. spec. ins. 2. p. 151.
Cramer, t. 104. f. A.
Indiam incolit Sphinx Crantor, cujus veram magnitudinem ostendit tabula.
r
Antennæ subprismatic, attenuated at each end.
Tongue (in most species) exserted.
Feelers two, reflex.
Wings deflected.
Sphinx with brown upper wings spotted with black, and red lower wings bordered with black.
Sphinx Crantor.
Cramer, pl. 104. f. A.
The Sphinx here figured is an inhabitant of India, and is represented in its natural size.
Rostrum Upupæ.
Pedes ambulatorii.
Cauda elongata, plerisque cuneata.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 142.
Promerops niger violaceo viridique nitens, pennis scapularibus falcatis aureo-nitentibus, cauda longissima.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 145.
Upupa superba.
Lath. ind. orn.
Upupa magna.
Lin. Gmel.
Raro innotuit physicis magnificentior avis Promerope superbo, forma et coloribus vix ipsis Paradiseis cedente, quod ad genus a nonnullis, quamvis falso, referri solet. Papuam seu novam Guineam incolit, a Sonneratio primum, ut videtur, descripta. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad extremum caudæ æquat fere quatuor pedes.
D2
Bill as in the genus Upupa.
Feet formed for walking.
Tail lengthened, and in most species cuneated.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 142.
Black Promerops with violet and green gloss, falcated golden-shining scapular-feathers, and very long tail.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 145.
Grand Promerops à paremens frisès.
Buff. Ois.
Grand Promerops.
Lath. Syn.
Le grand Promerops.
Aud. & Viell. Ois. dorès. pl. 8.
This is one of the most magnificent birds yet known to naturalists, and scarcely yields either in elegance of appearance or splendor of colours to the Paradise-Birds themselves, of which it has sometimes been erroneously considered as a species. It is an inhabitant of Papua or New-Guinea, and seems to have been first described by Sonnerat. Its length is nearly four feet from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail.
Pedes octo. Oculi octo.
Os unguibus seu retinaculis duobus.
Palpi duo articulati; masculis genitalibus capitati.
Anus papillis textoriis.
Aranea fusca, thorace radiatim excavata, tarsis rotundatis ferrugineis.
Roes. ins. 4. Append. Kleem. t. 11.
Invaluit jamdiu apud physicos opinio araneas plerasque majores exoticas meras esse varietates istius speciei quas dicitur aranea avicularia Linnæi. Harum tamen nonnullas verisimilius crediderim ab avicularia revera esse diversas. Quas in tabula juxta veram magnitudinem ostenditur in America generatur australi, et insulis quibusdam occiduis. Hanc eleganter satis et fideliter depinxit Domina Merian in opere de insectis Surinamensibus, nec non ingeniosus Roeselius qui generalem conscripsit insectorum historiam.
In primo volumine Amænitatum Academicarum (quod opus ductu et auspicio Linnæi editum est) pro certo affirmatur pedes araneæ aviculariæ non duplicem unguem, ut solent pedes aliarum aranearum, sed unicum v tantum genere. Quomodo in errorem non levem inciderit scriptor celeberrimus difficillimum est dicere, nisi pedes individui istius speciminis, de quo ibi disseritur, casu aliquo fuisse mutilatos, et altero ungue privatos. Sed melius forsan erit ipsius authoris verba proferre.
“Ungues pedum, ab auctoribus variis descriptos, studiose quæsivimus. At vero, apices pedum obtusi plane sunt, et denso vellere tecti, latente in pilis parvulo quodam, incurvo et simplici unguiculo, anteriores etiam pedes armante, sed usque adeo minuto, ut, nisi ferreo stilo investigetur, vix appareat. Falli ergo eos oportet, qui binos singulo pedi, et quidem majusculos, ungues tribuunt et appingunt.”
Eyes eight. Legs eight.
Mouth furnished with two hooks or holders.
Palpi or Feelers two, the tips of which, (in the males) distinguish the sex.
Abdomen terminated by papillæ or teats, through which the animal draws its thread.
Brown Spider, with a radiated excavation on the thorax, and rounded ferruginous feet.
Mer. Sur. pl. 18.
It has been usual among naturalists to consider several very large exotic spiders as constituting so many mere varieties of one single species, viz. the Aranea avicularia of Linnæus. It is however more than probable that some at least of these supposed varieties are really distinct species. The particular kind exhibited in its natural size on the present plate, is a native of South-America and some of the West-Indian islands, and has been elegantly and correctly figured by Madam Merian in her work on the Surinam insects, and by the ingenious Roesel in his general history of insects.
vI cannot omit taking notice of a most extraordinary error in a description given of the Aranea avicularia in the first volume of the Amænitates Academicæ of Linnæus, in which it is expressly affirmed, that the feet of that insect are furnished with only a single claw on each, and not with a pair, as in other spiders. How this very singular mistake could have been committed, is hardly to be conceived, except by supposing that the individual specimen examined for the purpose, happened accidentally to be mutilated in this respect.
I have diligently searched (says the writer) for the claws on the feet, described by various authors: the tips of the feet are obtuse, and thickly covered with hair, amidst which is concealed a small, crooked, single claw, but so minute as to be scarcely perceptible unless investigated by the assistance of a needle; and it therefore follows that an error has been committed by those who have described and figured two claws, and those rather large ones, on each foot.
Corpus oblongum, læve, linea laterali interdum carinatum.
Pinnulæ sæpius supra infraque versus caudam.
Gen Zool. 4. p. 577.
Scomber supra cæruleo-virescens, maculis numerosis subalternis transversis elongatis nigris.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 592.
Konam.
Russel. Pisc. Ind. t. 135.
Maria incolit Indica Scomber maculosus, magnitudine scombrum vulgarem Europium superans.
r
Body oblong, smooth; sometimes carinated by the lateral line.
Finlets (in most species) above and below towards the tail.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 577.
Mackrel of a blue-green colour above, with numerous, subalternate, transverse, elongated black spots.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 592.
Konam.
Russel’s Indian Fishes, pl. 135.
The present species is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and is of larger size than the Common European Mackrel.
Corpus tetrapodum, ecaudatum, nudum.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Rana olivaceo-fusca tuberculata, subtus aurantia cæruleo maculata.
Gen. Zool. 3. p. 116.
Bufo vulgo igneus dictus.
Roes. ran. p. 97. t. 22.
Ranarum Europæarum, si excipias ranam arboream, minima est quæ ignea dicitur, quamque alit Germania, regionesque in medio Europæ sitæ. Variat nonnunquam coloribus, quod et aliis plerisque congeneribus accidit. Amat loca humida et umbrosa, aquasque turbidas et stagnantes, alacri indole, saltu et natatu ipsa rana communi melior.
r
Body four-footed, without tail, and naked, or without any integument but the skin.
Olive-brown Frog, beneath orange-coloured spotted with blue.
Gen. Zool. 3. p. 116.
Rana bombina?
Lin. Syst. Nat.
La Sonnante.
Cepede. ov. p. 553. pl. 37.
This, which may be considered as the smallest of the European frogs, except the Rana arborea or tree frog, is a native of Germany and other midland parts of Europe, and, like most of the present genus, varies occasionally in the cast of its colours. It is principally found in damp, shady situations, or in turbid stagnant waters, and is of a remarkably active and lively nature, leaping and swimming with equal or even superior celerity to the common frog.
Rostrum Upupæ.
Pedes ambulatorii.
Cauda elongata (plerisque cuneata.)
Promerops cæruleus, rostro pedibusque nigris.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 142.
Upupa Indica.
Lath. ind. orn.
Indiam incolit Promerops cæruleus, magnitudine quasi Upupæ communis Europææ.
E2
Bill as in the genus Upupa.
Feet formed for walking.
Tail lengthened, and, in most species, cuneated.
Blue Promerops, with black bill and legs.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 142.
Blue Promerops.
Lath. syn. suppl.
Le Promerops bleu.
Aud. et Viell. Prom. pl. 9.
The blue Promerops is a native of India, and is about the size of the Common or European Hoopoe.
Animal Tethys.
Testa bivalvis, inæquivalvis, subaurita.
Cardo edentulus, fossula cava ovata striisque lateralibus transversis.
Ostrea testa orbiculari subflava vel rubea, fasciis transversis purpureis, auriculis inæqualibus, radiis numerosis.
Ostrea Islandica.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Fabr. Faun. Groenl.
Magnitudine vera exprimitur elegans hæc varietas Ostrea Islandicæ.
r
Animal allied to a Tethys.
Shell bivalve; valves unequal, subauriculated.
Hinge toothless, with an ovate fossule and transverse lateral streaks.
Scallop with orbicular yellowish or reddish shell, with transverse purple bands, unequal ears, and numerous rays.
Knorr. Vergn. 1. pl. 5. f. 2.
This elegant variety of the Icelandic Scallop is represented in its natural size on the annexed plate.
Habitus generis Percæ.
Opercula squamosa, serrata, aculeata.
Squamæ (pluribus) duræ, asperæ.
Holocentrus auratus. H. luteus, rubro punctulatus.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 562.
Holocentrus auratus. H. punctatus, aculeis dorsalibus novem.
Bloch. ichth. 7. p. 57. t. 236.
Maria incolit Indica Holocentrus auratus, magnitudine Percæ vulgaris.
r
Habit of the genus Perca.
Gill-Covers scaly, serrated, and aculeated.
Scales (in most species) hard and rough.
Gold-yellow Holocentrus, with red specks.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 562.
Der Goldsogo.
Bloch. ichth. pl. 236.
The Golden Holocentrus is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and is of the size of the Common European Perch.
Antennæ subprismaticæ, utroque fine attenuatæ.
Lingua exserta (plerisque).
Palpi duo, reflexi.
Alæ deflexæ.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Sphinx alis superioribus corporeque olivaceis roseo-striatis, inferioribus roseis basi nigris.
Sphinx Elpenor. S. alis integris virescentibus, fasciis purpureis variis, posticis rubris basi atris.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Galii palustris folia præcipue depascitur larva pulcherrimi hujus Insecti, et in chrysalidem mense Augusto convertitur, unde Mense Maio erumpit ipsa Sphinx.
r
Antennæ subprismatic, attenuated at each end.
Feelers two, reflex.
Tongue (in most species) exserted.
Wings deflected.
Sphinx with the upper wings and body olive-coloured, striped with rose-colour; the lower wings rose-coloured with black base.
Roes. ins. 1. pap. noct. pl. 4.
Albin. Engl. Ins. pl. 9.
The Greater Elephant Hawk-Moth.
The Caterpillar of this beautiful Insect feeds principally on the leaves of the white marsh Galium or Bedstraw, and changes to a chrysalis in the month of August, from which in the following May emerges the animal in its perfect state.
Rostrum aduncum, absque cera.
Nares oblongæ, pennis setaceis recumbentibus obtectæ.
Caput grande, auribus oculisque magnis.
Lingua bifida.
Digitus externus retro mobilis.
Strix subfusca subtus nivea, cauda fasciis numerosis linearibus albis.
Gen. Zool. 7. p. 278.
Le Choucou.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. t. 38.
Speciem elegantem cernere est in tabula in Africa interiori generatam, quamque primum opinor descripsisse Levaillantum. Prodire solet per crepuscula celerrimo volatu, sæpius radens iter prope terram, emissa stridula voce. Femina mari paulo minor est, corpore inferiore minus niveo. Æquat avis longitudine quasi decem uncias.
F2
Bill hooked, without cere.
Nostrils oblong, covered with recumbent setaceous feathers.
Head, eyes, and ears large.
Tongue bifid.
Exterior toe moveable backwards.
Brownish Owl, snow-white beneath, with the tail crossed by numerous linear white bars.
Gen. Zool. 7. p. 278.
Le Choucou.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 38.
This elegant species, which measures about ten inches in length, and which seems to have been first described by Levaillant, is a native of the interior parts of Africa, appearing only during the twilight; flying with great celerity, skimming at intervals the surface of the ground, and frequently uttering a sharp cry. The female is rather smaller than the male, and of a less pure or snowy white colour on the under parts.
Caput squamosum.
Pinnæ dorsales duæ, in fossula recondendæ.
Membr. branch. radiis sex.
Sciæna argenteo-cinerea flavo lineata, corpore macula utrinque nigra.
Perca unimaculata. P. macula rotunda in latere utroque.
Bloch. ichth. 9. t. 308. f. 1.
Sciæna unimaculata?
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 339.
In maribus Brasiliensibus innascitur Sciæna maculata; nonnunquam tamen fluvios intrat, eo præcipue tempore quo ova solet deponere. In cibis habetur lautioribus, et ad eandem crescit magnitudinem quam Cyprinus Carpio seu vulgaris. Piscem primus descripsisse videtur Marcgravius, qui Salemam nuncupavit.
r
Head scaly.
Dorsal fins two, seated in a furrow into which they are occasionally withdrawn.
Gill-Membrane six-rayed.
Silvery-grey Sciæna, striped with yellow, and marked on each side the body by a black spot.
Salema.
Marcgr. Bras.
Der Fleck.
Bloch. ichth. 9. pl. 308. f. 1.
The present species is a native of the Brasilian seas, occasionally entering rivers, especially during the spawning-season. It is considered as an excellent fish for the table, and arrives at the size of a common Carp. It seems to have been first described by Marcgrave, under the name of Salema.
Antennæ apicem versus crassiores, sæpius clavato-capitatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) erectæ sursumque conniventes. (Volatu diurno.)
Papilio alis caudatis supra nigris fascia rubra, infra aureo-cæruleis fascia nigra.
Papilio Pyretus.
Cram. t. 144. f. A. B.
Surinamiam incolit bellus hic Papilio, et magnitudine vera in tabula depingitur.
r
Antennæ thickening towards the end, and generally terminating in a clavated tip.
Wings (when at rest) meeting upwards. Flight diurnal.
Tail-winged Butterfly, with the wings black above with a red bar, and gilded-blue beneath with a black bar.
Pyretus.
Cram. pl. 144. f. A. B.
This beautiful Butterfly is a native of Surinam, and is represented on the plate in its natural size.
Animal Tethys.
Testa bivalvis, inæquivalvis, subaurita.
Cardo edentulus, fossula cava ovata striisque lateralibus transversis.
Ostrea albida seu subflava, fasciis transversis irregularibus rubris, radiis triginti scabris, auriculis inæqualibus.
Ostrea varia? O. testa æquivalvi, radiis triginti scabris compressis echinatis, uniaurita.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
In maribus Europæis innascitur Ostrea varia, coloribus et magnitudine multum varians.
r
Animal allied to a Tethys.
Shell bivalve, valves generally unequal, subauriculated.
Hinge toothless, with an ovate fossule and transverse lateral streaks.
Whitish or yellowish Scallop, variegated with irregular transverse red bands, with about thirty rough rays, and unequal ears.
Variegated Scallop.
Penn. Brit. Zool.
Lister 187.
Chemn. 7. pl. 66. f. 633. 634.
Knorr. 1. pl. 19. f. 2. and 2. pl. 18. f. 5.
The Species here represented is a native of the European seas, varying very considerably both in size and colours.
Rostrum capistri plumis tomentosis tectum.
Pennæ hypochondriorum plerisque longiores.
Pedes validi, ambulatorii.
Paradisea gularis. P. nigra purpureo-nitens, subtus dorsoque aureo-atro-virentibus, gula aureo-cuprea, cauda cuneata longissima.
Gen. Zool. 7. p. 501.
Paradisea gularis. P. purpureo-nigricans, capistro genisque tomentosis, cervice fasciaque pectorali viridi-nitentibus, sub gula lunula aureo-cuprea fulgidissima.
Lath. ind. orn.
Pulcherrimam hanc avem in insulis Moluccis generatam cernere est eleganter depictam in operibus Vielloti et Levaillantii. Convenit huic ingenium modusque vivendi cum reliquis Paradiseis. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad extremum caudæ quasi bipedalis est cum semipede.
G2
Bill covered at the base by velvet-like plumes.
Side-Feathers beneath the wings, in most species, extending far beyond the rest of the plumage.
Legs strong: feet formed for walking.
Black Paradise-Bird, glossed with purple, the back and under parts blackish gold-green, the throat copper-coloured, and the tail extremely long and cuneated.
Gorget Paradise-Bird.
Lath. syn.
Le hausse-col dorè.
Viellot ois. Parad.
This most beautiful bird is an inhabitant of the Molucca isles, and is elegantly figured in the splendid works of Mons. Viellot and Mons. Levaillant. In its manners it resembles the rest of the genus Paradisea, and measures about two feet and a half from the tip of the bill to that of the tail.
Dentes validi: primores ordine simplici, duplici, triplici, vel quadruplici dispositi.
Molares (plerisque) validi, convexi, læves, in series dispositi, et quasi pavimentum in ore efformantes.
Labia crassa: opercula mutica, squamosa.
Sparus argenteus, dorso subcæruleo, pinnis et præsertim caudæ rubris.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 405.
Sparus erythrourus. S. dentibus minutissimis, radiis decem in pinna ani.
Bloch. ichth. 8. t. 241.
Maria incolit Indica Sparus erythrourus, longitudine quasi Spari communis sive Auratæ Linnæi.
r
Teeth strong: front-teeth in some species disposed in a single row, in others in a double, treble, or quadruple row.
Grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, and disposed in ranges, forming a kind of pavement in the mouth.
Lips thick: Gill-Covers unarmed, smooth, scaly.
Silvery Sparus, with blueish back, and red fins, particularly the tail.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 405.
Der Rothschwanz.
Bloch. ichth. 8. pl. 241.
The Red-Tailed Sparus is a native of the Indian seas, and is of the same size as the Sparus Aurata of Linnæus, or Common Gilthead.
Animal Sepia.
Testa univalvis, spiralis, involuta, membranacea, unilocularis.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1161.
Argonauta carina utrinque subdentata, striis lateralibus tuberculatis.
Nautilus tenuis.
Seb. 3. t. 84. f. 4.
Sæpius creditum est Argonautam tuberculatum meram esse varietatem Argonautæ Argus Linnæi, a quo tamen discrepat, striis longitudinalibus, quæ in concha visuntur, non planis, sed in tubercula surgentibus. Crescit in eandem magnitudinem quam Argonauta Argo; fortasse etiam ampliorem. Enutritur in maribus Indicis.
r
Animal resembling a Sepia.
Shell univalve, spiral, unilocular, very thin.
Argonaut with the keel denticulated on each side, and tuberculated lateral stripes.
L’Argonaute a grains de riz.
Denys-Montfort. Mollusques. 3. p. 307.
The tuberculated or granulated Paper-Nautilus.
The present shell has been frequently considered as a variety only of the Argonauta Argo of Linnæus, or common Paper-Nautilus, from which it differs in having the lengthened stripes of the shell raised into rows of tubercles. It is a native of the Indian seas, and arrives at a size at least equal to that of the common Paper-Nautilus.
Antennæ a basi ad apicem sensim attenuatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) sæpius deflexæ. (Volatu nocturno.)
Phalæna oculatissima. P. (Bombyx) nivea, alis primoribus maculis ocellatis nigris, abdomine supra cæruleo flavoque vario.
Phalæna oculatissima. P. (Bombyx) elinguis, alis subreversis albis; primoribus thoraceque punctis ocellaribus numerosis inæqualibus nigris, dorso cæruleo flavoque variegato.
Abbot. N. Am. Ins. t. 69.
Bombyx ocularia.
Fabr. ins.
Phalænam perelegantem descripsimus, Georgiam, Carolinam, aliasque Americæ septentrionalis regiones incolentem. Depascitur larva folia cerasi sylvestris, helianthemi, aliaque ejusmodi. Depingitur phalæna oculatissima in splendido libro quem conscripsit Abbotus de insectis in America septentrionali generatis.
r
Antennæ setaceous, gradually lessening from base to tip.
Wings (when sitting) generally deflex. (Flight nocturnal.)
Snow-white Moth, with the upper wings marked by ocellated black spots, and the abdomen varied above with blue and yellow.
Cram. pl. 344. f. D. et Suppl. pl. 41. f. 3.
The elegant Moth here represented is a native of Georgia, Carolina, and other parts of North America, where its caterpillar feeds principally on the leaves of the wild cherry, dwarf sun-flower, &c. It is figured in the splendid work of Mr. Abbot on the Insects of North America.
Rostrum subulatum, rectum, tenue; mandibulis subæqualibus.
Nares obovatæ, depressiusculæ.
Digitus exterior medio basi subtus connexus.
Cauda modica.
Sylvia olivaceo-cinerea, subtus flavicans, gula albida, alis caudaque subfuscis.
Le Figuier Becque-flenr.
Levaill. ois. Afr. t. 134.
Perexiguam hanc speciem descripsit Levaillantus; a quo cognoscimus in Africa inferiore generari, vescique insectis quæ floribus insident, aliisque ejusmodi. Femina differt a mare coloribus paulo obscurioribus.
H2
Bill subulate, strait, slender; with nearly equal mandibles.
Nostrils obovate, slightly depressed.
Exterior toe connected towards the base with the middle one.
Tail, in general, of moderate length.
Olivaceous-grey Warbler, yellowish beneath, with whitish throat, and brownish wings and tail.
Le Figuier Becque-fleur.
Levaill. ois. Afr. pl. 134.
This very small species is described by Mons. Levaillant, who informs us that it inhabits the inferior parts of Africa, and feeds on minute insects which it collects from flowers, &c. The female differs in being rather more obscure in its colours.
Antennæ a basi ad apicem sensim attenuatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) sæpius deflexæ (volatu nocturno.)
Phalæna (Attacus) pectinicornis, alis rotundatis nigris, fascia alba; macula subocellari nigra.
Smith. Abbot. N. Am. Ins. t. 50.
Phalæna Maja.
Drury ins. 2. t. 24. f. 3.
Bombyx Proserpina.
Fabr. ent. amend. 4. p. 410.
In America septentrionali, præcipue in Georgia et Virginia generatur Phalæna Proserpina, ubi larva ejus quercuum Americanarum folia depascitur.
r
Antennæ setaceous, gradually lessening from base to tip.
Wings (when sitting) generally deflex. Flight nocturnal.
Moth with rounded black wings, with a white bar, and subocellated black spot.
Phalæna Proserpina.
Black Emperor Moth.
Abbot’s N. Amer. insects, pl. 50.
The Moth here represented is a native of North America, and particularly of Georgia and Virginia, where its larva feeds on the leaves of several species of American oak.
Corpus tetrapodum, ecaudatum, nudum.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Rana olivacea, fusco maculata, verrucis subrubentibus, linea dorsali sulphurea.
Gen. Zool. 3. p. 149.
Bufo terrestris foetidus.
Roes. Hist. Ran. t. 24.
In variis Europæ partibus generata rana mephitica si manu contrectetur, seu alio quocunque modo lacessatur, foetorem emittere dicitur teterrimum; eundem fere ac si allii succum cum fumo pulveris nitrati commiscueris.
Bufonem Anglicum Natter-Jack inducor ut credam ranæ hujusce esse varietatem, licet inodorus sit. Generatur rana mephitica eodem modo quo cæteri bufones, nec alius est vivendi modus.
r
Body four-footed, without tail, and naked, or without any integument but the skin.
Olive Toad, spotted with brown, with reddish warts, and sulphur-coloured dorsal line.
Mephitic Toad.
Gen. Zool. 3. p. 149.
The present species of Toad is found in several parts of Europe, and is said to diffuse, on being handled, or otherwise irritated, an intolerably fetid odor, somewhat resembling that of a mixture of garlick and gunpowder.
The toad called in our own country by the name of Natter-Jack, and which appears to be a variety of the present species, is not remarkable for any peculiar odor. In its manner of breeding and way of life, it resembles the rest of its tribe.
Os parvum, edentulum. Dentes gutturales.
Membr. branch. triradiata.
Pinnæ ventrales sæpius novemradiatæ.
Cyprinus Carpio. C. luteo-olivaceus, pinna, dorsali lata, radio tertio postice serrato.
Gen. Zool. 5. p. 180.
Cyprinus partim nudus, partim macrolepidotus.
Cyprinus Rex.
Bloch. ichth. 1. t. 17.
Per varias Germaniæ regiones spargitur huc illuc notabilis hæc varietas Cyprini communis. Hoc ei insigne est ad distinctionem, quod, cum in aliis corporis partibus insolita sit squamarum magnitudo, in aliis squamæ omnino nullæ sunt. Cætera cyprino Carpioni vulgari similis est, nisi quod crescere dicitur in majorem molem, et palato melius respondere.
r
Mouth small and toothless: teeth in the throat.
Gill-Membrane three-rayed.
Ventral fins, in general, nine-rayed.
Yellowish-Olive Carp, with wide dorsal fin, with the third ray serrated behind.
Gen. Zool. 5. p. 189.
Carp with the body partly naked, and partly covered with very large scales.
Large-scaled Carp.
Gen. Zool. 5. p. 193.
This remarkable variety of the common Carp is found in several parts of Germany, and differs in having some parts of the body naked or scaleless, while the scales on the other parts are of a very unusual size. In other respects it perfectly resembles the common carp, but is said to grow to a larger size, and to be superior as an article of food.
Rostrum aduncum, mandibula superiore mobili, cera instructa.
Nares in rostri basi.
Lingua plerisque carnosa, obtusa, integra.
Pedes scansorii.
Psittacus flavus, marginibus pennarum rubro-aurantiis.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 501.
Psittacus Paradisi? P. brachyurus luteus, gula ventre rectricumque basi rubris.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Rarum hunc et venustum psittacum in insula Cuba generari creditum est. De quo tamen dubitat Levaillantus, existimatque varietatem esse psittaci Amazonici. Negat porro reperiri posse hodie hanc avem in insula Cuba.
I2
Bill hooked, with the upper mandible moveable, and generally furnished with a cere.
Nostrils in the base of the bill.
Tongue, in most species, fleshy, obtuse, entire.
Feet scansorial.
Yellow Parrot, with the feathers edged with orange-red.
Gen. Zool. 8. p. 501.
Le Papagai de Paradis.
Buff. ois.
Perroquet de Cuba.
Pl. Enl. 336.
Perroquet jaune ecaillè de rouge.
Levaill. Perr. pl. 137.
The rare and beautiful Parrot here represented is commonly supposed to be a native of the island of Cuba, a circumstance much questioned by Mons. Levaillant, who seems to hold it in doubt whether this supposed species be not rather a variety of the Amazon Parrot. Mons. Levaillant observes further, that no such bird is at present known in the island of Cuba.
Animal Medusa.
Corallium cavitatibus lamelloso-stellatis.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Madrepora subconglomerata, anfractibus stelliformibus angulatis obconicis, ambulacris simplicibus, lamellis angustis crenato-denticulatis.
Soland. et Ell. Zooph. p. 162. t. 50. f. 2.
Madrepora abdita.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Circa rupes maris Indici conspicitur Madrepora abdita, cujus veram magnitudinem cernere est in tabula.
r
Animal allied to a Medusa.
Coral marked by lamellar star-shaped Cavities.
Subconglomerate Madrepore, with angular obconic foliations, simple undulations, and narrow gills with crenulated teeth.
The present species of Madrepore is found about the rocks of the Indian seas, and is represented on the plate in its natural size.
Antennæ apicem versus crassiores, sæpius clavato-capitatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) erectæ sursumque conniventes. (Volatu diurno.)
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Papilio alis caudatis nigris, maculis marginalibus flavis; posticis fascia interjecta cærulea maculaque ocellata fulva.
Papilio alis caudatis nigris; primoribus punctis marginalibus pallidis; posticis supra pallido subtus fulvo maculatis, angulo ani fulvo puncto nigro.
Abbot. Ins. Amer. t. 1.
Papilio Troilus. P. alis caudatis nigris; primoribus punctis marginalibus pallidis; posticis subtus maculis fulvis.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 746.
Georgiam et Virginiam in America Septentrionali incolit Papilio Troilus. Larva foeniculi rutæque folia depascitur.
r
Antennæ commonly thickening towards the end into a clavated tip.
Wings (when at rest) meeting upwards. Flight diurnal.
Butterfly with black tailed wings marked by marginal yellow spots; the lower pair by an interjected blue band and ocellated fulvous spot.
Papilio Troilus.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Drury Ins. pl. 11. f. 2. 3. 5.
Abbot Ins. Amer. pl. 1.
The Butterfly represented on the present plate is an inhabitant of Georgia and Virginia, where its caterpillar feeds on the leaves of fennel and rue.
Corpus oblongum, læve, linea laterali interdum carinatum.
Pinnulæ sæpius supra infraque versus caudam.
Scomber argenteus, dorso viridi-cæruleo, spinis quatuor armato, pinnulis supra infraque octo.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 585.
Scomber saliens. S. aculeis quatuor dorsalibus distinctis.
Bloch. ichth. t. 335.
Maria incolit Americana Scomber saliens, magnitudine quasi Scombri communis Europæi.
r
Body oblong, smooth; sometimes carinated by the lateral line.
Finlets (in most species) above and below towards the tail.
Silvery Mackrel, with blue-green back armed with four spines, and eight pinnules above and below.
Le Sauteur.
Bloch ichth. pl. 335.
This species is an inhabitant of the American seas, and is of the size of the common European Mackrel.
Rostrum lamelloso-dentatum, convexum, obtusum.
Lingua ciliata, obtusa.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Anas subnigra, pectore dorsoque griseo-cæruleis, capite albo ferrugineoque striato, collari fasciaque pectorali albis.
Anas fusca albo cæruleoque varia, auribus, temporibus linea gemina, collari fasciaque pectorali albis.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Lath. ind. orn.
Americam septentrionalem præcipue incolit Anas histrionica; in Europæ partibus borealibus interdum conspecta. Magnitudo ejus est quasi Anatis vulgaris Europæa sive Boschadis Linnæi. Femina mare minor colore fere toto fusco, macula tantum auriculari alba differt.
K2
Bill broad and flattened; the edges marked with sharp lamellæ.
Tongue broad, and ciliated at the edges.
Blackish Duck, with grey-blue breast and back, head striped with white and ferruginous, neck marked by a white collar, and the breast on each side by a white bar.
Harlequin Duck.
Lath. Syn.
Dusky and spotted Duck.
Edw. pl. 99.
The Harlequin Duck is principally an inhabitant of North America, but is sometimes seen in the North of Europe. Its size is nearly that of the Common European Duck. The female, which is smaller than the male, differs in being almost entirely brown, with a white spot on each side the head.
Antennæ apicem versus crassiores, sæpius clavato-capitatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) erectæ sursumque conniventes. (Volatu diurno.)
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Papilio (Danaus) alis repandis fulvis, venis margineque albo-punctato nigris; primoribus apice maculis fulvis.
Abbot. Ins. Amer. t. 6.
P. Archippus.
Fabr. ent. emend. 4. p. 49.
P. Plexippus.
Cramer, t. 206. f. E. F.
Virginiam et Carolinam incolit Papilio Archippus, cujus larva folia Asclepiadis Curassavicæ præcipue depascitur.
r
Antennæ thickening towards the end, and generally terminating in a clavated tip.
Wings (when at rest) meeting upwards. (Flight diurnal.)
Butterfly with fulvous wings marked by black veins, and by a black border spotted with white, with a few fulvous spots at the tips of the upper pair.
Papilio Archippus.
Fabr. ent. emend. 4. p. 49.
This elegant insect is a native of Virginia and Carolina. The caterpillar feeds chiefly on the leaves of the Asclepias Curassavica.
Caput squamosum.
Pinnæ dorsales duæ, in fossula recondendæ.
Membr. branch. radiis sex.
Sciæna? cærulea lineis numerosis longitudinalibus luteis.
Perca cauda rotundata, spinis dorsalibus novem, corpore oblongo vittato, aculeis tribus ad marginem operculi posterioris.
Russ. Pisc. Ind. t. 129.
Ráhtee Bontoo.
Maria incolit Indica Sciæna formosa, magnitudine quasi percæ communis sive fluviatilis Linnæi.
r
Head scaly.
Dorsal fins two, seated in a furrow, into which they may occasionally be withdrawn.
Gill-Membrane six-rayed.
Blue Sciæna? marked by numerous longitudinal deep-yellow stripes.
Rahtee Bontoo.
Russell’s Indian Fishes, pl. 29.
This fish is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and is nearly of the size of the common European Perch.
Animal crescens plantæ habitu.
Stirps emittens e cellulis vel denticulis calyciformibus hydras.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Sertularia denticulis oppositis mucronatis erectiusculis, ovariis obovatis operculatis, ramis alternis.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Soland. et Ell. Zooph.
Corallina muscosa denticulata procumbens, caule tenuissimo, denticellis ex adverso sitis.
Ell. corall. p. 8. t. 3.
Ray syn. p. 36. No. 13.
Circa litora Britannica satis frequens conspicitur Sertularia operculata, rupibus, ostrearum testis, aliisque marinis adhærens.
r
Animal growing with the appearance of a plant.
Stem emitting Polypes from calycular cells or denticles.
Sertularia with opposite suberect mucronated denticulations, obovate operculated ovaries, and alternate branches.
Sea-Hair.
Ell. corall. p. 8. pl. 3.
The present species of Sertularia is by no means uncommon on several of the British coasts, adhering to rocks, oyster shells, and other marine substances.
Rostrum acutum, ad apicem tumidiusculum, basi carunculatum.
Nares subovatæ in medio rostri.
Alulæ spinosæ.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; digitis et unguibus rectis, longissimis.
Lath. ind. orn.
Parra castaneo-purpurea, capite colloque nigris, remigibus olivaceo-viridibus.
Parra Jacana. P. unguibus posticis longissimis, pedibus viridescentibus.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Varias Americæ meridionalis regiones incolit Parra Jacana, magnitudine quasi Tringæ Vanelli.
L2
Bill sharp, carunculated at the base, and rather tumid at the tip.
Nostrils subovate, situated in the middle of the bill.
Alulets spined.
Feet with very long toes and claws.
Purple-chesnut Jacana, with black head and neck, and olive-green quill-feathers.
Spur-winged Water-Hen.
Edw. pl. 357.
Le Jacana.
Buff. ois. 8. pl. 16.
Pl. Enl. 322.
Chesnut Jacana.
Lath. syn. 3. p. 241.
This bird is a native of several parts of South America, and is about the size of a Common Lapwing.
Animal Limax.
Testa univalvis, spiralis, latere ampliata.
Apertura labro sæpius dilatato, desinens in canalem sinistrum.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1207.
Strombus testa albida fusco varia, labro heptadactylo, digitis rectiusculis, fauce lævi subrosea.
Strombus Lambis. S. testæ labro heptadactylo, digitis rectiusculis, fauce lævi.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1208.
Lambis.
Argenville conch. t. 17. f. F.
Cornuta.
Rumph. mus. t. 35. f. E. F.
Maria incolit Indica Strombus Lambis, interdum major quam in tabula depingitur.
r
Animal resembling a Limax.
Shell univalve, spiral, enlarged on one side.
Aperture generally with a dilated lip, ending in a channel towards the left.
Strombus with whitish shell varied with brown, seven-clawed lip with straitish claws, and smooth subrosaceous mouth.
Martini 3. pl. 86. f. 855.
Seba 3. pl. 82. f. 2. 3. 5. 16. 17. 20.
Knorr Vergn. 5. t. 4. f. 3.
This shell is a native of the Indian seas, and sometimes arrives at a larger size than represented on the plate.
Antennæ apicem versus crassiores, sæpius clavato-capitatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) erectæ sursumque conniventes. (Volatu diurno.)
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Papilio alis caudatis nigris; posticis virescenti-nitidis; subtus maculis septem rubris subocellaribus, basi puncto lutescente.
Smith, Abbot Ins. Amer. t. 3.
Pap. Astenous.
Drury Ins. 1. t. 11. f. 1. 4.
Cramer, t. 208. f. A. B.
Pap. Philenor.
Lin. Mantiss. p. 535.
Virginiam incolit Papilio Philenor, cujus larva folia Aristolochiæ Serpentaria dictæ depascitur.
r
Antennæ thickening towards the end, and generally terminating in a clavated tip.
Wings (when at rest) meeting upwards. Flight diurnal.
Butterfly with black, tailed wings; the lower pair glossed with green, and marked beneath with seven subocellated red spots, and a yellowish spot at the base.
Philenor.
Abbot’s Amer. Ins. pl. 3.
The present species is a native of Virginia. Its caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the Aristolochia Serpentaria, or Virginian Snakeroot.
Caput depressum.
Dentes plurimi, acuti. Lingua dentibus armata.
Corpus crassum.
Pinnæ pectorales brachiatæ.
Lophius subflavescens fusco varius, ore cirroso, pinnis pectoralibus elongatis.
In maribus Indicis generatur Lophius cujus naturalem magnitudinem ostendit tabula. Detectus est prope sinum Turon in ora Cocinsinensi: adhæserat enim carni salitæ, nautis, sicut mos est, ad quoddam tempus in undis demersæ.
Viventem hunc Lophium delineavit vir ingeniosus Gulielmus Alexander, unus e curatoribus Musei Britannici, quique Dominum Dominum Macartney in itinere Sinensi comitatus est. Istius ad archetypi similitudinem iconem nostram depingi curavimus.
r
Head depressed.
Teeth numerous, sharp: tongue armed with teeth.
Body thick.
Pectoral fins brachiated.
Pale yellowish Lophius, with brown variegations, cirrated mouth, and elongated pectoral fins.
The species of Lophius here represented in its natural size, and which appears to be an inhabitant of the Indian seas, was observed near the bay of Turon, on the coast of Cochinchina, adhering to a piece of salted meat, which, according to the usual custom of sailors, had been lowered for some time in the water.
The specimen figured on the annexed plate, is copied from the original drawing of the ingenious Mr. Alexander of the British Museum, who accompanied the voyage of Lord Macartney to China.
Rostrum tereti-cultratum, mandibula superiore apice deflexo, emarginato.
Nares nudæ, superne membranula semitectæ.
Faux ciliata.
Lingua lacero-emarginata.
Turdus flavus, gula pectore alis caudaque nigris.
Le Merle jaune huppé.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. t. 117.
Australasiam incolit hæc avis, magnitudine quasi turdi majoris vulgaris sive viscivori Linnæi.
M2
Bill strait, obtusely carinated at the top, bending a little at the point, and slightly notched near the end of the upper mandible.
Nostrils oval and naked.
Tongue slightly jagged at the end.
Yellow Thrush, with black throat, breast, wings, and tail.
Le Merle jaune huppé.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 117.
This bird is a native of Australasia, and is about the size of the common great or Missel Thrush.
Antennæ setaceæ, a basi ad apicem sensim attenuatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) sæpius deflexæ. (Volatu nocturno.)
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Phalæna (geometra) pectinicornis, alis omnibus viridibus subrepandis, striga sesquialtera pallida.
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Roes. 4. t. 18. f. 3.
Folia betulæ et genistæ præcipue depascitur larva elegantis hujus insecti. In chrysalidem mense Junio convertitur, e qua mense Julio erumpit ipsa phalæna.
r
Antennæ setaceous, decreasing in size from base to point.
Wings (when at rest) generally deflected. Flight nocturnal.
Moth with expanded slightly-dentated green wings, marked by a narrow undulated whitish bar, and the upper pair near the thorax by a smaller secondary bar.
Roes. Ins. 4. pl. 18.
Harris Exp. Engl. Ins. pl. 13. f. 1.?
Fuessli Arch. Ins. pl. 9.
The Caterpillar of this elegant insect feeds principally on the leaves of Birch and Broom; changing to a chrysalis in the month of June, from which in July proceeds the Moth.
Animal Ascidia?
Testa bivalvis, rudis, sæpius affixa bysso, ut plurimum crassiori.
Cardo (in plurimis) edentulus, distinctus, (paucis exceptis) linea subulata excavata longitudinali.
Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel.
Mytilus Hirundo. M. testa lævi, valvulis bilobis, lobo cardinali longiore tenuioreque.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1159.
Avicula.
Rumph. Mus. t. 46. f. G.
Argenv. Conch. t. 22. f. B.
Var. M. Hirundo intus rufescens, extremitate nigra.
Knorr. Vergn. 6. t. 2.
E maribus Indicis extrahitur rara hæc testa, interdum major quam in tabula depingitur.
r
Animal allied to an Ascidia.
Shell bivalve, in some species fastened by a kind of silk or byssus.
Hinge, in most species, toothless.
Muscle with smooth shell, bilobate valves, and lengthened cardinal lobe.
L’Oiseau.
Argenv. Conch. pl. 22. f. B.
Var. Winged Muscle rufous within, with black extremities.
The rare shell here represented is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and is sometimes of larger size than expressed in the plate annexed.
Animal? crescens habitu plantæ.
Stirps fixa rami articulati, ramulosi.
Corallina ramosa dichotoma, articulis triangulo-dilatatis.
Cellaria Flabellum. C. lapidea articulata ramosa dichotoma, articulis subcuneiformibus uno latere cellulosis.
Soland. et Eliis Zooph. p. 28. t. 4. f. C.
Circa litora Americana præcipue conspicitur Corallina dilatata, altitudine tres vel quatuor uncias æquans.
r
Animal? growing in the form of a plant.
Stem fixed; branches jointed and subdivided.
Branched dichotomous Coralline, with triangularly-dilated joints.
Fan celliferous Coralline.
Soland. et Ellis Zooph. p. 28. pl. 4. f. C.
This species of Coralline is chiefly observed on the American coasts, where it rises to the height of three or four inches.
Rostrum aduncum, basi cera instructum.
Caput pennis arcte tectum.
Lingua plerisque bifida.
Falco fuscus, collo postico ferrugineo, subtus albidus nigro maculatus, vertice pennis lanceolatis cristato.
Falco ornatus?
Daudin av.
Falco superbus?
Gen. Zool. 7. p. 64.
Autour huppè.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. t. 26.
Americam meridionalem præcipue Cayanam incolit hac avis, magnitudine Falconem palumbarium superans.
N2
Beak hooked, furnished at the base with a cere.
Head well covered with feathers.
Tongue, in most species, bifid.
Brown Falcon, with the hind part of the neck ferruginous; beneath whitish, spotted with black; and the head crested with lanceolate feathers.
Autour huppè.
Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 26.
Superb Eagle?
Gen. Zool. 7. p. 64.
The present species of Falcon is a native of South America, and particularly of Cayenne. Its size is larger than that of the European Goshawk.
Antennæ apicem versus crassiores, sæpius clavato-capitatæ.
Alæ (sedentis) erectæ sursumque conniventes; (volatu diurno.)
Lin. Syst. Nat.
Papilio alis integerrimis rotundatis luteis margine punctis nigris; subtus puncto gemino ferrugineo argenteo.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 764.
Cramer. t. 120. f. E. F.
Edw. t. 304.
Abbot. Ins. Amer. t. 5.
Georgiam et Virginiam incolit Papilio Eubule, ubi larva ejus folia Cassiæ Chamæ-crista dictæ depascitur.
r
Antennæ thickening towards the end, and generally terminating in a clavated tip.
Wings (when at rest) meeting upwards. Flight diurnal.
Butterfly with entire, rounded, deep-yellow wings, marked along the margin with black specks, and beneath by a double ferruginous silvery spot.
Edw. pl. 304.
Cramer, pl. 120. f. E. F.
This Insect is an inhabitant of Georgia and Virginia, where its caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the dwarf Cassia.
Dentes robusti, subacuti; molares interdum, ut in Sparis, conferti, convexi: labia crassa, duplicata: pinnæ dorsalis radii, in certis speciebus, ramento elongati.
Opercula mutica, squamosa.
Labrus viridis, capite abdomine pinnisque flavis viridi striatis.
Labrus viridis. L. aculeis dorsalibus octo.
Bloch ichth. 8. t. 282.
Labrus undulatus. L. viridis, lineis flavescentibus transversim undulatus, abdomine capiteque flavis viridi striatis.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 496.
E mari Japonico extrahitur Labrus undulatus, longitudine, ut plurimum, duodecim uncias æquans.
r
Teeth strong and subacute: the grinders sometimes, as in the Spari, convex and crouded: lips thick and doubled: rays of the dorsal fin, in some species, elongated into soft processes.
Gill-Covers unarmed and scaly.
Green Labrus, with the head, fins, and abdomen yellow striped with green.
Undulated Labrus. Green Labrus, undulated with transverse yellow lines, with the head and abdomen yellow striped with green.
Gen. Zool. 4. p. 496.
Labrus viridis.
Bloch. 8. p. 104. pl. 282.
This elegant fish is taken in the Japonese sea, where it arrives at the length of about twelve inches.
Animal Limax.
Testa univalvis, spiralis, exasperata suturis membranaceis.
Apertura desinens in canalem integrum, rectum, seu subascendentem.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1213.
Murex testa undique tuberculata ferruginea, fasciis transversis albidis, varicibus suboppositis, apertura subovata intus rufa.
Murex Lampas. M. testa varicibus suboppositis, gibbosa tuberibus longitudinaliter tuberculosis, apertura edentula.
Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1216.
Buccinum majus, &c.
Gualtieri, t. 50. f. D.
Buccinum tuberosum ore croceo.
Martini. 4. t. 128. f. 1236. 1237.
Le Sabot noueux.
Knorr. Vergn. 2. t. 28. f. 1.
Maria incolit Indica Murex Lampas, interdum multo major quam in tabula depingitur.
Animal allied to a Limax or Slug.
Shell univalve, roughened by membranaceous sutures.
Aperture ending in a strait or subascending channel.
Murex with ferruginous shell tuberculated on all parts, with whitish transverse bands, nearly opposite protuberances, and subovate mouth rufous within.
Lister, tab. 1023.
Rumph. Mus. t. 28. C. D.
Argenv. Conch. pl. 9. D.
Martini 4. pl. 128. f. 1326. 1327.
This shell is an inhabitant of the Indian seas, and is sometimes found much larger than represented on the present plate.
| Pl. | |
|---|---|
| 983. | Aranea Occidua. |
| 1005. | Anas histrionica. |
| 995. | Argonauta tuberculatus. |
| 976. | Conus gloria maris. |
| 1000. | Cyprinus Carpio var. |
| 1016. | Corallina dilatata. |
| 1017. | Falco fastosus. |
| 986. | Holocentrus auratus. |
| 1019. | Labrus undulatus. |
| 1012. | Lophius Cocinsinensis. |
| 1004. | Madrepora abdita. |
| 973. | Motacilla diophrys. |
| 1020. | Murex Lampas. |
| 1015. | Mytilus Hirundo var. |
| 978. | Ostrea Islandica. |
| 987. | —— var. |
| 992. | Ostrea varia. |
| 981. | Promerops superbus. |
| 985. | —— cæruleus. |
| 991. | Papilio Pyretus. |
| 1003. | —— Troilus. |
| 1006. | —— Archippus. |
| 1010. | —— Philenor. |
| 1018. | —— Eubule. |
| 996. | Phalæna oculatissima. |
| 998. | —— Proserpina. |
| 1014. | —— papilionaria. |
| 1009. | Parra Jacana. |
| 993. | Paradisea Gularis. |
| 1001. | Psittacus Paradisi. |
| 984. | Rana ignea. |
| 999. | —— mephitica. |
| 974. | Scarabæus micans. |
| 990. | Sciæna unimaculata. |
| 1007. | —— formosa. |
| 1008. | Sertularia operculata. |
| 975. | Sparus Juba. |
| 979. | —— chloropterus. |
| 994. | —— erythrourus. |
| 1002. | Scomber saliens. |
| 982. | —— maculosus. |
| 980. | Sphinx Crantor. |
| 988. | —— Elpenor. |
| 989. | Strix Africana. |
| 1011. | Strombus Lambis. |
| 997. | Sylvia minuta. |
| 1013. | Turdus Australasiæ. |
| 977. | Trochilus auritus. |
| Pl. | |
|---|---|
| 995. | Argonaut tuberculated. |
| 974. | Beetle shining. |
| 991. | Butterfly Pyretus. |
| 1003. | —— Troilus. |
| 1006. | —— Archippus. |
| 1010. | —— Philenor. |
| 1018. | —— Eubule. |
| 1000. | Carp common var. |
| 976. | Cone nonpareil. |
| 1016. | Coralline dilated. |
| 1005. | Duck Harlequin. |
| 1017. | Falcon narrow-crested. |
| 984. | Frog fire. |
| 986. | Holocentrus golden. |
| 977. | Humming Bird violet-eared. |
| 1009. | Jacana Chesnut. |
| 1019. | Labrus undulated. |
| 1012. | Lophius Cochinchina. |
| 1004. | Madrepore narrow-gilled. |
| 982. | Mackrel mottled. |
| 1002. | —— salient. |
| 998. | Moth Proserpine. |
| 996. | —— Great Leopard Ermine. |
| 1014. | —— Large Emerald. |
| 1020. | Murex Lamp. |
| 1015. | Muscle winged var. |
| 989. | Owl African. |
| 993. | Paradise-Bird Gorget. |
| 1001. | Parrot Paradise. |
| 981. | Promerops superb. |
| 985. | Promerops blue. |
| 975. | Sparus Juba. |
| 979. | —— green-finned. |
| 978. | Scallop Iceland. |
| 987. | —— —— var. |
| 992. | —— variegated. |
| 980. | Sphinx Crantor. |
| 988. | —— Elpenor. |
| 990. | Sciæna single-spotted. |
| 1007. | —— yellow-striped. |
| 1008. | Sertularia operculated. |
| 994. | Sparus red-tailed. |
| 983. | Spider Western. |
| 1011. | Strombus seven-clawed. |
| 1013. | Thrush Australasian. |
| 999. | Toad mephitic. |
| 973. | Warbler double-streaked. |
| 997. | —— minute. |
London: Printed by B. M‘Millan,
Bow Street, Covent Garden.
Volume 23 of the Naturalist’s Miscellany was published in twelve monthly installments, conjecturally from September 1811 through August 1812. It is “conjecturally” because there has not been a full month-and-year date since the third installment of Volume 13 (November 1801), and no date at all since “1810” in the tenth installment of Volume 21 (June, with any luck). In the present volume, the only visible date is “1812” (April, one hopes) in installment 8.
Each installment is 16 pages.
[B]; C; D; E; F (January 1812); G; H; I; K; L; M; N
This volume had more than its share of problems.
First: Volume 23 ties with Volume 18 in having the largest number of binomials I wasn’t able to identify even tentatively: six out of a total of 48.
Second: There were an unusual number of plate-numbering or -positioning problems:
Plate 983 comes before 982, 987 before 986, and 1011 before 1010; plates 1004-1003-1002 are in that order.
Plate 989—the first plate in installment 5—was misnumbered 992, and was indexed accordingly.
Plates 992-994—the last plate in installment 5 and the first two plates in installment 6—were indexed as 993-995, followed by the “real” Plate 995.
Third: In preparing the ebook for this volume, a total of sixteen plates—979, 983, 996, 999-1001 (inclusive), 1004, 1006-1011 (inclusive), 1013, 1015, 1018—were drawn from a different scanned source. They may not match the rest of the book in size or coloring.
And finally: Almost everywhere in the volume, French words are printed with è (e-grave) where é (e-acute) might be expected.
Unidentified. It has been identified with M. ciliata, though this gets us no further.
is probably Dicronorrhina micans. It lives in central Africa.
Unidentified, even with three genera to choose from. Genus Guatucupa doesn’t seem ever to have been recognized; today the name shows up only in the later binomial Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830).
is now written Conus gloriamaris, the Glory-of-the-Sea cone. It lives mainly in the Philippines.
That’s assuming Shaw is talking about Chemnitz’s C. gloriamaris from 1777. There is also Perry’s gastropod of the same name from 1810, later synonymized with Linnaeus’s Conus textile, the cloth-of-gold cone. That one lives in the Indian Ocean and the south Pacific.
is now Heliothryx auritus, the black-eared fairy. It lives in South America.
is probably Chlamys islandica (originally not Ostrea but Pecten islandica). It lives in the Arctic, north Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
is now Halichoeres chloropterus, the black-blotched rainbowfish. It ranges from Indonesia to northern Australia.
may be Eumorpha achemon (by way of Sphinx achemon), the achemon sphinx. If so, it lives in North America.
may be Epimachus fastosus, the black sicklebill. If so, it lives in New Guinea.
Grand Promerops à paremens frisès . . . . Aud. & Viell. Ois. dorès.
[Text unchanged; expected é (acute accent) both times.]
Paradise-Birds themselves, of which it has sometimes been erroneously considered as a species
[If the Epimachus attribution is correct, it is in the Paradisaeidae family.]
Unidentified. But since it was pictured by Madam Merian, we can be confident that it did exist—whatever it was.
By this point in the Miscellany, it is attention-catching when an article runs to a second page in both English and Latin.
In primo volumine Amænitatum Academicarum . . . . the first volume of the Amænitates Academicæ of Linnæus
[Spelling unchanged; it’s really Amœnitates or, if you prefer, Amoenitates.]
one single species, viz. the Aranea avicularia of Linnæus
[A few years later, Lamarck would put Linnaeus’s Aranea avicularia at the head of its own genus, making it Avicularia avicularia and opening the door to dozens of new species. One of them, you will be pleased to hear, is Avicularia merianae, named in 2017.]
is now Scomberomorus commerson (by way of Scomber commerson), the barred mackerel, because Lacépède got there first. It lives in the Indian and south Pacific oceans.
Gen Zool. 4. p. 577.
[Did Shaw misplace his copy of the Systema Naturae, or did he decide that he could do better than Linnaeus? In early volumes of the Miscellany, the description of genus Scomber was consistently taken from “Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 492”; later on the wording becomes arbitrary, and there is often no attribution.]
If we follow the lead of Roesel, who said it was a toad (Bufo igneus), it is now Bombina bombina (by way of Linnaeus’s Rana bombina), the fire-bellied toad. Its range extends from eastern Europe into central Asia.
Unidentified. One mid-19th-century source declares flatly “a fictitious bird”. The name Upupa indica, meanwhile, is cited surprisingly often for a bird which also doesn’t appear to exist.
See notes to Plate 978, above (installment 2 of this volume).
is now Cephalopholis fulva (by way of Labrus fulvus), the black guativere. It lives in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America.
is now Deilephila elpenor, the elephant hawk. It is most common in Europe.
[Plate 988]
[This marks a second calendar year in which I haven’t seen a single date. We’ll call it December 1811.]
may be Strix woodfordii (sometimes called Ciccaba woodfordii), the African wood owl. If so, it lives in subsaharan Africa. It can’t be Temminck’s S. africana (now Bubo africanus); that wasn’t named until 1821.
[Plate 989]
[The plate is engraved and indexed as 992. I’ve changed it to avoid duplication; the number 992 properly belongs to the last plate in this installment.]
If it is the same fish as Bloch’s Perca unimaculata, it is now Archosargus rhomboidalis (by way of Perca rhomboidalis), the brim. It lives in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America.
a native of the Brasilian seas, occasionally entering rivers
[WoRMS labels it as both “marine” and “brackish”.]
is now Ancyluris meliboeus. (by way of Papilio meliboeus). It lives in South America.
is now Mimachlamys varia. It lives mainly around the coasts of Europe.
may be Astrapia nigra (by way of Paradisaea nigra), the arfak astrapia. It lives in New Guinea.
[Plate 993] R. P. Nodder Del. Sculpt. 34 Tavistock St. Covent Garden.
[Thank you, Richard. That’s very helpful. But what I really want to know is what year and month it is.]
Le hausse-col dorè.
spelling unchanged: expected doré
[Did the printer’s cat spill the é (e-acute) bin?]
is now Gerres erythrourus, the blue-backed silver biddy. Its range extends from South and Southeast Asia to northern Australia.
If he means Röding’s A. tuberculatus, it is now Argonauta nodosus. It is scattered across most of the southern hemisphere.
may be Hypercompe scribonia (by way of Phalaena scribonia), the giant leopard moth. It lives in the eastern half of North America.
is probably Anthoscopus minutus, the Cape or Southern penduline tit, with naming credit to Shaw. It lives in southern Africa.
If it is the same moth as Drury’s Phalaena maja, it is now Hemileuca maia, the eastern buckmoth. It lives in the eastern half of the United States.
Abbot’s N. Amer. insects, pl. 50.
text has Abbots’
is now Epidalea calamita (by way of Bufo calamita), the natterjack toad. It lives mostly in continental Europe. Before settling on its current binomial, alternatives included Rana fetidissima, R. portentosa and Bufo cruciata, suggesting that this was never a well-liked batrachian.
somewhat resembling that of a mixture of garlick and gunpowder
[This comparison raises a great many questions.]
The toad called in our own country
[Paragraph break added to agree with Latin side.]
is formally the Aischgrund carp. There are many subspecies, but macrolepidotus doesn’t seem to be one of them. Thanks to widespread introduction, it now lives all over the world, especially in urbanized countries.
Character Specificus, &c.
[Initial C invisible.]
Unidentified. The Miscellany does not have a very strong record when it comes to assigning birds to their proper place of origin. But for what it’s worth, the two parrots associated with Cuba are the Cuban Amazon, Amazona leucocephala leucocephala, and the Cuban parakeet, Aratinga euops. Both are mostly green.
Perroquet jaune ecaillè de rouge.
spelling unchanged: expected ecaillé
is now Favites abdita, the larger star coral. It lives in the Indian and south Pacific oceans.
[Plate 1004] Drawn, Engraved & Published by R. P. Nodder. 1812
[Well. Haven’t seen that format in a while. If things have been going according to plan, it is now April.]
is also known as the spicebush swallowtail. It lives in the eastern half of the United States.
Georgia and Virginia
[These happen to be the two places John Abbot lived—first Virginia, later Georgia. He may have been scrupulous about recording only things he had personally seen, and the places where he had personally seen them.]
is now Oligoplites saliens, the castin leatherjack. It is mainly found along the Atlantic coast of South America.
is now Histrionicus histrionicus. (How I wish it were called the histrionic duck, or perhaps the drama duck. But one can’t have everything.) It lives in east Asia, North America and to a lesser extent northern Europe.
is probably Limenitie archippus, the viceroy. It is found in all but the westernmost parts of North America.
generally terminating in a clavated tip
text has ge-/gerally at line break
is now Cephalopholis formosa, the blue-lined coral cod, with naming credit to Shaw. It lives along the coast of South and Southeast Asia.
Maria incolit Indica Sciæna formosa
text has Siæna
[Shaw has been using the same printer—a very good one—since at least Volume 16. Is his health affecting his handwriting, or perhaps interfering with his proofreading?]
Rahtee Bontoo.
[I don’t know about “rahtee”, but GBIF says its name in Telugu is bontoo.]
is now Amphisbetia operculata. It has an unusual distribution: all around the British Isles—and also at the southern tips of Africa, Australia, and Africa.
is probably Jacana jacana, the wattled jacana. It is found in most of South America, extending into Central America.
is now Lambis lambis, the common spider conch. It lives in the Indian and south Pacific oceans.
is now Battus philenor, the blue swallowtail. It is found in most of the United States and Mexico.
is now Histrio histrio (by way of Lophius histrio), the frogfish. It lives along most tropical-to-temperate coasts, especially the Atlantic and Caribbean. This is at least the second, if not the third, time we have met this species. Lophius histrio by that name was at Plate 245 of Volume 7; there was also Lophius Marmoratus at Plate 176 of Volume 5, which might be a H. histrio variant.
Dominum Dominum Macartney
[Duplication (at mid-line) in the original. Is this a mistake, or Shaw’s way of distinguishing between a mere Esquire and a full-fledged Lord? In the final volume, Baron Sack has to settle for a single Dominus.]
The specimen figured on the annexed plate
[Line break added to agree with Latin.]
the ingenious Mr. Alexander of the British Museum
text has Alex-/der at line break
Unidentified. I doubt he meant Turdus australis (Sparrman 1788), now Petroica australis, the New Zealand robin.
Le Merle jaune huppé.
[Hurrah! The typesetter found his acute accents again.]
is now Geometra papilionaria. It lives mostly in Europe.
is now Pteria hirundo, the European wing shell. In addition to Europe, it is found along the Atlantic coast of South America.
lobo cardinali longiore tenuioreque.
text has tenuio-reque at mid-line
[The printer originally meant to split the word, and then found he could squeeze it into a single line, but forgot to remove the hyphen.]
If it is the same as Ellis & Solander’s Cellaria flabellum, it is probably Menipea flabellum. That makes it a bryozoan, which is to say an animal. If it were a coralline, it would be a plant.
CORALLINA DILATATA.
text has CORRALINA
If it is the same as Daudin’s F. ornatus, it is probably Spizaetus ornatus, the ornate hawk-eagle. It lives in South and Central America.
Autour huppè.
spelling unchanged
[Darn. It was nice while it lasted.]
is now Phoebis sennae (by way of Papilio sennae), the cloudless giant sulphur. It lives mainly in North and Central America, extending into South America. Both binomials originated with Linnaeus; did he change his mind, or did he think they were two different butterflies?
If it is the same fish as Bloch’s L. viridis, it is now Thalassoma lunare (by way of Linnaeus’s Labrus lunaris), the blue wrasse. It is pretty widely distributed around Asia and Australia. Linnaeus’s L. viridis is an entirely different fish, the green wrasse; it lives mainly in the Mediterranean.
is now Charonia lampas, the knobbed triton. It is found on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Eurasia, and the south coast of Australia, though it doesn’t seem to like the Indian ocean.
Plate 989 was engraved and indexed as 992. Plates 992-994 were correctly engraved, but indexed as 993-995. As a result, there are two printed plates 992, two indexed plates 995, and no plate 989. To avoid duplication, I have corrected all four numbers in the Index.
There are also a number of simple typographical errors. All but one are on the Latin side, to be dutifully replicated in next year’s General Index.
1000. Cyprinus Carpio var.
text has 100
992. Ostrea varia.
text has 993
993. Paradisea Gularis.
text has 994
1008. Sertularia operculata.
text has Serrularia
975. Sparus Juba.
text has Sparas
[This misspelling will lead to further complications in the General Index.]
994. [Sparus] erythrourus.
text has 995
989. Strix Africana.
text has 992
1013. Turdus Australasiæ.
text has 1113
989. Owl African.
text has 992
993. Paradise-Bird Gorget.
text has 994
992. [Scallop] variegated.
text has 993
988. [Sphinx] Elpenor.
text has 938
994. Sparus red-tailed.
text has 995
The original of this text is in the public domain—at least in the U.S.
My notes are copyright, as are all under-the-hood elements.
If in doubt, ask.
